Abstract: Systems and methodologies for analyzing error recovery performance of variable length codes utilized for encoding and decoding data are provided herein. Synchronization recovery of a set of variable length codes can be evaluated assuming that an encoded bit stream is transmitted over a binary symmetric channel. Further, mean symbol error rates corresponding to each of the variable length codes in the set can be determined based upon the evaluation of the synchronization recovery. Moreover, a subset of the variable length codes with optimal error recovery can be selected as a function of the mean symbol error rates.

Abstract: Provided is a method of manufacturing a part and the part capable of manufacturing a high value-added precision part having a low sintering temperature, a good hardness, and a good productivity at a low cost. The method includes steps of: mixing a material of from 40 to 75 wt % selected from the group consisting of Fe and a combination of Fe and Co, a material of 20 wt % or more selected from the group consisting of W, Mo, Cr, Nb, V, and Ni, a material of from 2 to 14 wt % selected from the group consisting of B, C, Cu, and Si, alloy powder having a composition including unavoidable impurities, and a binder; performing an injection molding on the mixture to form the injection moldings to have a shape of the part; removing the binder from the injection moldings; and sintering the injection moldings from which the binder is removed.

Abstract: A biosensor containing ruthenium, measurement using the same, and the application thereof. The biosensor comprises an extended gate field effect transistor (EGFET) structure, including a metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET), a sensing unit comprising a substrate, a layer comprising ruthenium on the substrate, and a metal wire connecting the MOSFET and the sensing unit.

Abstract: The invention provides a method for forming an extended gate field effect transistor (EGFET) based sensor, including: (a) providing a substrate; (b) forming a sensing film including titanium dioxide, ruthenium doped titanium dioxide or ruthenium oxide on the substrate; and (c) forming a conductive wire extended from the sensing film for external contact.

Abstract: Efficient encoding and/or decoding of digital video is provided using multiple candidate reference frames, making playback of the digital video optionally reversible. For example, a source can be encoded as duplex coded frames having multiple candidate reference frames. The reference frames can be previous or future frames, and the duplex coded frames can be encoded at a bit-rate that ensures lossless decoding using any of the candidate reference frames. Therefore, the duplex coded frames can encoded in normal and/or reverse temporal order. In this regard, the ability to decode digital video frames using either a single previous or future frame enables reversible digital video, bit-stream switching and video splicing arbitrary time points, and provides for increased error resilience.

Abstract: Systems and methodologies for concealing frame loss in a video transmission environment are provided herein. Multiple Description Coding (MDC) can be used as an Error Resilience technique for video coding. In case of transmission errors, Error Concealment can be combined with MDC to reconstruct a lost frame, such that the propagated error to following frames can be reduced. Further, multi-hypothesis decoding can be employed to enhance reconstructed video quality of MDC over packet loss networks. For instance, one or more frames after the lost frame in the same stream can be reconstructed using multi-hypothesis decoding, which combines directly decoding and temporally interpolating these frames. Moreover, output obtained from directly decoding and temporally interpolating each frame can be combined by generating a weighted sum of these hypotheses. Constant weights and/or adaptive weights (e.g., determined based on the minimum mean square error criterion) can be used for yielding the weighted sum.

Abstract: We disclose a new method of preparing liquid crystal alignment layers that can produce controllable pretilt angles from near 0 to near 90°. It is based on the stacking of two alignment materials sequentially, with the first one being continuous and the second one being discontinuous leaving part of the first layer exposed.

Abstract: Block parallel fast motion estimation for blocks of a video frame is provided where encoding of video blocks can be ordered to allow concurrent encoding thereof. Furthermore, motion vector prediction can be performed concurrently for independent video blocks where requisite blocks for calculating the prediction of a given block can be previously encoded, but not all blocks depend from each other; thus, parallel motion vector estimation is possible. Additionally, a fast motion estimation algorithm can be concurrently performed on a number of video blocks to search surrounding blocks to compute motion vectors as well. The concurrent processes can leverage the parallel architecture of one or more graphical processing units (GPU).

Abstract: A calcium ion sensor is provided. The calcium ion sensor includes a metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor, a sensing unit including a substrate, a ruthenium dioxide membrane formed thereon and a calcium ion sensing membrane formed on the ruthenium dioxide membrane, and a conductive wire connecting the metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor and the sensing unit. The invention also provides a method for fabricating a calcium ion sensor, and a sensing system including the sensor.

Abstract: The invention disclosed a novel mesoporous silica-based xerogel and its use in hemorrhage control. The mesoporous silica-based xerogel material has tunable mesopores (1-50 nm), high specific surface area (100-1400 m2/g), macroscopical morphology (powder, film, disc, column, etc.) and adjustable compositions (SiO2, CaO and P2O5, etc.) as well as good biodegradation. The mesoporous silica-based xerogels herein effectively promote the blood clotting under various conditions including slow and severe hemorrhage, even at the blood oozing site of bone defect. Meanwhile, the networks of silica-based xerogel with good elastic and mechanic properties, formed by adsorbing a large amount of water, can modulate the cell behavior and tissue growth, and thus promote the wound healing. Additionally, due to the mesoporous structure, the materials have the potential to load drug, thrombin and bioactive factors, which is favorable for the therapeutical efficacy.

Abstract: System and methodologies for amplifier gain control in a communication system are provided herein. By leveraging similarities between the distribution of received signal samples in an MB-OFDM system and a Gaussian distribution, various algorithms described herein can be utilized to perform fast and low-complexity amplifier gain tuning. Received signal strength indication information corresponding to analog signal samples and/or digital signal samples obtained from an analog to digital converter are analyzed to obtain a signal energy distribution. The obtained signal energy distribution is then compared to a reference Gaussian distribution to adaptively tune an associated amplifier gain.

Abstract: Systems and methodologies for employing a multi-user Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) relay protocol with self-interference cancellation in a wireless communication environment are provided herein. Data streams sent between user device(s) and base station(s) can traverse through a relay. Further, a decode and forward protocol can be employed by the relay rather than merely amplifying and forwarding the data streams. Moreover, each user device can listen to and decode data stream(s) sent by other user device(s) to the relay, and these decoded data stream(s) can be utilized for interference cancellation. Further, the user device(s) and the base station(s) can employ self-interference cancellation upon signals received from the relay. According to another example, an adaptive relay power allocation algorithm, which enhances power efficiency, can be leveraged by the relay for transmitting signals to the user device(s) and the base station(s).

Abstract: A robust closed-loop cross-layer design provides for the downlink multi-user multi-antenna systems with imperfect Channel State Information at the transmitter (CSIT) for slow fading channels. Using ACK/NAK feedbacks from mobiles, a closed-loop cross-layer scheduler does not require any knowledge of the CSIT error statistics. To take into account of the potential packet outage (due to imperfect CSIT), we define system goodput, which measures the average bits per second per Hertz (b/s/Hz) successfully delivered to the mobiles, as the optimization objectives. We formulate the cross-layer design as a mixed combinatorial search and Markov decision problem. Based on dynamic programming approach, the optimal power and rate allocation is determined using backward recursion and forward recursion algorithms. Simulations illustrate that the proposed closed-loop cross-layer scheduler has very robust goodput performance at moderate to high CSIT errors and pedestrian mobility.

Abstract: The disclosed subject matter provides scheduling algorithms, methods, and systems that facilitate cross layer scheduling for systems with imperfect channel state information and unknown interference. By exploiting ACK/NAK feedback from users of downlink traffic and recursively optimizing scheduling policy components over a state space, the disclosed subject matter provide robust and optimal cross layer scheduling in the presence of unknown interference and imperfect channel state information. The disclosed details enable various refinements and modifications according to cross layer schedule and system design considerations.

Abstract: The disclosed subject matter relates to communicatively coupled cognitive radio systems, devices, methodologies, or combinations thereof, facilitating improved utilization of unused portions of spectral bands by secondary users generally allocated to other primary users. This improved utilization can be achieved by cooperative spectrum sensing employing ST coding and/or SF coding for transmit diversity. Further, cooperative spectrum sensing can be improved by employing relay diversity with or without algebraic coding. It is illustrated that a threshold probability of false alarm can be reduced by applying transmit diversity with space time coding and/or space frequency coding. It is further illustrated that relay diversity can be employed to compensate for reduced sensing diversity order were some nodes in a cooperative spectrum sensing system cannot report directly.

Abstract: A training-based channel estimation technique is provided to estimate channel state information for MIMO systems that is highly energy efficient and optimal in terms of Cramér-Rao lower bound (CRLB). The technique employs loosely synchronized (LS) codes or shifted LS codes. The codes can be generated using a fast Golay correlator and an efficient Golay correlator. A low-complexity implementation is also provided.

Abstract: System and methodologies for reduced-complexity signal detection and decoding in a wireless communication system are provided herein. Systems and methodologies presented herein can utilize a relaxed form of the Lenstra-Lenstra-Lovasz (LLL) lattice reduction algorithm to reduce the complexity of lattice reduction operations in the context of MIMO detection. Additional systems and methodologies presented herein can apply lattice reduction in the context of a maximum likelihood (ML) detector for spherical or elliptical lattice space-time (LAST) codes.

Abstract: A Lenstra-Lenstra-Lovász (LLL)-based technique is utilized to reduce the complexity of a MIMO detector. Basis vectors can be pre-sorted, such as by V-BLAST ordering or sorted-QR ordering, prior to applying Gram-Schmidt Orthogonalization (GSO) to further improve performance. Alternatively, a joint sorting and LLL reduction (JSAR) technique can be utilized such that after each reduction step, a vector remaining to be reduced can be selected that will minimize the overall complexity. The JSAR technique can be applied on real or complex lattice bases. LLL reduction can be stopped after a predetermined threshold is exceeded.

Abstract: A transmission protocol is provided for wireless communications in an OFDMA system that uses a rateless code and techniques are provided for dynamically adjusting the subcarrier resources allocated to an OFDMA relay node so that the relay is used at the right time according to the instantaneous channel state information (CSI). As a result, a higher throughput is achieved between source and destination nodes based on a low complexity algorithm for determining when relay assistance is helpful for completing a transmission between the source and destination nodes.

Abstract: Efficient temporal search range predication for motion estimation in video coding is provided where complexity of using multiple reference frames in multiple reference frame motion estimation (MRFME) can be evaluated over a desired performance level. In this regard, a gain can be determined for using regular motion estimation or MRFME, and a number of frames if the latter is chosen. Thus, the computational complexity of MRFME and/or a large temporal search range can be utilized where it provides at least a threshold gain in performance. Conversely, if the complex calculations of MRFME do not provide sufficient benefit to the video block prediction, a smaller temporal search range (a less number of reference frames) can be used, or regular motion editing can be chosen over MRFME.