Abstract: In a light waveguide, the one end of which comprises a flat entering area for the light to be coupled into the core of the light waveguide, the entering area is narrower than the core diameter of the light waveguide and, around the entering area, the end of the light waveguide is laterally sloped up to the entering surface. Only the light which impinges on this entering area passes into the core and is guided therein.

Abstract: The invention refers to a method and an arrangement for netwide call trace with various interfaces and protocol stacks of at least one call within a telecommunication network by using a central call trace server (CS) and local intelligent call trace intelligent agents (IA) between the switching points (SP) of the telecommunication network, said central call trace server being connected with all of said local intelligent call trace intelligent agents IA. The central server manages the intelligent agents and distributes information between the intelligent agents. Only a reduced set of necessary data are sent to the central server by the intelligent agents, in case that the central server requires more data this data are sent by the intelligent agents upon request of the central server. The method and the arrangement allows an exact call trace inclusive of wild cards and calls between different telephone networks (mobile/land).

Abstract: An optical spectrum analyzer of novel design, in which several different spectra can be measured and analyzed simultaneously. A measuring signal is used as a reference signal for calibrating the optical spectrum analyzer. The light rays are admitted via a coupling device with several coupling apertures arranged in a line; and via a separate decoupling device comprising respective decoupling apertures arranged in a line, the light rays are decoupled. Height offset is realized by a 90° deviation prism. The arrangement makes possible simultaneous analysis of several optical lines with little retroreflection as well as uninterrupted calibration of the measuring process.

Abstract: A method for measuring the attenuation in digital transmission lines between a switching center and a subscriber station, with a first pulse of a known frequency spectrum being sent from the switching center to the transmission line. From the multitude of the reflections received by the switching center in the time domain that pulse is selected which was caused by the total reflection at the end of the line of a certain subscriber station. The frequency spectrum of the selected pulse is determined and from the frequency spectra of the outgoing pulse and the selected received pulse, the attenuation of the transmission line is determined, depending on its frequency. To achieve the extremely high dynamics necessary for this and to obtain a pulse which is free of any overshoot, reflection measuring is carried out selectively in the frequency range and the pulse is calculated per Fourier transformation.

Abstract: The process to measure the signal quality of a digital information transmission system using a scanning device with adjustable direct current threshold can determine a signal parameter for the signal quality (Q-factor), which can determine the bit-rate from an unknown input signal and with its help a clock signal can be generated to scan the input signal with the scanning device. The device includes a detection device as well as a clock generator, which is connected to the detection device and receives a pre-adjustment signal, and which synchronizes with the input signal over a phase locked loop with the scanning device through phase comparison. Process and device allow the monitoring of systems in a shortest time and facilitate statements concerning the bit-rate of the respective line section as well as concerning the size of the Q-factor and all relating variables.

Abstract: A knowledge based system uses a protocol analyzer which acquires real time statistical data on network signal traffic in a monitoring session and reports a session performance history as a real time composite of measured statistics and analysis-derived statistics, together with a real time report of discarded frames.

Abstract: Method and device for measuring the transmission quality in cells of mobile radio networks in which, using a mobile station (MS) comprising a GPS receiver, the cell to be measured is travelled through, and the geographic position and the time are recorded at specified intervals. The signals transmitted from a base transmission station (BTS) to the mobile station as well as a call build-up signal sent at certain intervals, are stored with the GPS position. Furthermore, signals between the base transmission station and the respective mobile station, which signals are sent at specified intervals, are recorded with time stamps by means of a mobile radio analysis device (MA). Subsequently there is a mixing together of the recorded data of the mobile station with the recorded data of the mobile radio analysis device, sorted according to time stamp, with the measured results issued by geographic position and by time.

Abstract: An expert network analysis system includes multiple phases which offer a user the ability, at the user's option, to establish pretest conditions through a prompted interview which focuses the performance conditions to be analyzed and which allows the expert system to rank the analyzed results in importance with respect to their relationship to the user established conditions

Abstract: Method and apparatus for non-invasive testing of digital communications systems. Amplitude measurements are made for multiple frequencies of a multi-frequency communication system, converted to the time domain. An adaptive filter output is matched to the time domain representation to characterize the channel. Impedance mismatches may be precisely located using this technique. An error signal representing a difference between a signal transmitted through the channel and a received signal is estimated and analyzed. The error signal is separated into components corresponding to contributions by wide band noise, residual phase modulation, and residual amplitude modulation. Identification and removal of narrow-band interferers may occur prior to this separation. Bit error rate and system margin computations employ a Monte Carlo simulation of the various error sources. This provides a well refined estimate of bit error rate and system margin.

Abstract: A method, system and apparatus for frequency sweeping and frequency sweep testing a CATV system wherein the CATV system has a plurality of channels and is transmitting television signals over at least some of the channels. The system includes a head end test unit coupled to the CATV system at its head end and a remote test unit coupled to the CATV system at a location remote from the head end. The head end test unit sweeps the CATV system by either generating and transmitting test signals at the channel frequencies over the CATV system or, if a television signal is being transmitted on a channel, using the television signal as the test signal. The head end test also measures the signal levels of the test signal and at the end of the sweep, transmits telemetry signals, which include the frequencies to be swept and the measured signal levels, over the CATV system to the remote test unit using the same transmitter that it use to generate and transmit the test signals.

Abstract: An exemplary leakage tagging signal generator according to the present invention is intended for use in connection with a leakage tagging signal detector that detects signal leakage in a communication system. In particular, the leakage tagging signal generator is intended for use with a leakage tagging signal detector that identifies leakage tagging signals based on the detection of a characteristic leakage tagging frequency component. The leakage tagging signal generator includes an RF signal source, an output, a switch, and a pulse signal source. The RF signal source is operable to generate an RF carrier signal having a first frequency. The output connects to the communication system. The pulse signal source is a device operable to generate a pulse signal having a first state and a second state, said pulse signal having a pulse period.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for non-invasive testing of digital communications systems. Amplitude measurements are made for multiple frequencies of a multi-frequency communication system, converted to the time domain. An adaptive filter output is matched to the time domain representation to characterize the channel. Impedance mismatches may be precisely located using this technique. An error signal representing a difference between a signal transmitted through the channel and a received signal is estimated and analyzed. The error signal is separated into components corresponding to contributions by wide band noise, residual phase modulation, and residual amplitude modulation. Identification and removal of narrow-band interferers may occur prior to this separation. Bit error rate and system margin computations employ a Monte Carlo simulation of the various error sources. This provides a well refined estimate of bit error rate and system margin.

Abstract: A warning and measuring device for personal protection with a rod-shaped casing shape. The shape of the casing allows the device to be suitable 1. for measuring if held in the hand or mounted on a tripod, 2. for warning when carried on the body and 3. for leak detection in hollow conductors. This is made possible through a compact construction and a movable absorber which in an absorber package within a cap can be fitted to the casing while the cap is detachable and can be used as handle on the other end. The device can be economically manufactured and with regard to quality can be considered a high-quality measuring instrument.

Abstract: A method of null balancing a hand field-strength meter is described in which the effect of the measurement probe on the balancing is suppressed by short-circuiting the measurement probe by two MOS-FETs connected in series across the probe outputs so that the null balancing can be performed when the field-strength meter is located in the vicinity of a high strength field. In a preferred embodiment of the null balancing circuit for the meter another circuit branch consisting of two other complimentary MOS-FETs connected in series with each other is connected in parallel across the first two MOS-FETs via two resistors R1,R2.

Abstract: An interfacing device having two operational amplifiers that have been manufactured on the same IC die have high-impedance input terminals connected directly to the two conductors of a local area network digital transmission line so as not to load or otherwise upset the impedance or other parameters of the transmission line. The output terminals of the operational amplifiers are connected to and match the input impedance of a digital transmission protocol analyzer. The gain of the operational amplifiers is arranged so as to replicate at the input of the analyzer the signals appearing on the local area network transmission line.

Abstract: A new and improved protocol analyzer for monitoring digital transmission networks is disclosed. The protocol analyzer of the present invention is capable of displaying station level statistics, network statistics, real-time event information, and protocol distribution. The protocol analyzer of the present invention is additionally capable of creating baseline network performance information and displaying the baseline information simultaneously with real-time performance information, pre-programming monitoring sessions, and generating presentation-quality reports in conjunction with analyzing digital transmission networks, all in real time.

Abstract: A new and improved protocol analyzer for monitoring digital transmission networks is disclosed. The protocol analyzer of the present invention is capable of displaying station level statistics, network statistics, real-time event information, and protocol distribution. The protocol analyzer of the present invention is additionally capable of creating baseline network performance information and displaying the baseline information simultaneously with real-time performance information, pre-programming monitoring sessions, and generating presentation-quality reports in conjunction with analyzing digital transmission networks, all in real time.

Abstract: A photodiode having an antireflection coating for use in optical measuring devices has its antireflection coating so selected that it provides in a predetermined wavelength range an approximately constant conversion factor. The conversion of the fight power to an electrical signal is thus substantially independent of wavelength over this wavelength range.

Abstract: In a method of improving a distortion ratio of an analog-to-digital converter, an analog signal to be digitized is additively superposed with a band-limited noise signal. The thusly produced sum signal is supplied to the analog-to-digital converter for sampling and quantization.

Abstract: To recognize a specific pattern of bits anywhere within a high-speed bit stream of data, the serially-received bytes of the bit stream are first converted to parallel or simultaneously-presented, eight-bit bytes. Received bytes are used as the addresses of two SRAMs. A byte of the desired pattern is recognized by having that byte address a memory location of one of the SRAMs in which a binary "1" has been stored at the bit location within that memory location that corresponds to the received byte's position within the expected bit pattern. The other seven bit locations within that memory byte have binary "0s" stored in them. The outputs from the two SRAMs are gated to look for a sequence of two successive bytes of the expected pattern. A binary "1," signifying recognition of receipt of two successive bytes, is clocked into one of a plurality of shift registers. The length of each shift register represents the opposite of the position, within the expected sequence pattern, of the two successive bytes.