Abstract: A method of forming an active device having self-aligned source/drain contacts and gate contacts, including, forming an active area on a substrate, where the active area includes a device channel; forming two or more gate structures on the device channel; forming a plurality of source/drains on the active area adjacent to the two or more gate structures and device channel; forming a protective layer on the surfaces of the two or more gate structures, plurality of source/drains, and active layer; forming an interlayer dielectric layer on the protective layer; removing a portion of the interlayer dielectric and protective layer to form openings, where each opening exposes a portion of one of the plurality of source/drains; forming a source/drain contact liner in at least one of the plurality of openings; and forming a source/drain contact fill on the source/drain contact liner.

Abstract: Examples of techniques for projecting fall zones for a climber are disclosed. In one example implementation according to aspects of the present disclosure, a computer-implemented method includes detecting, by a processing device, a position of a climber on a climbing surface. The method further includes determining, by the processing device, a fall zone of the climber based at least in part on the position of the climber on the climbing surface. The method further includes projecting the fall zone of the climber on a ground surface beneath the climber, the fall zone being visible to others.

Abstract: A computerized, bandwidth-reduced system that will reconcile two ordered sets of values such that a series of changes made to the one are reflected in the other by creating defined REMOVE SERIES, SWAP SERIES, INSERT SERIES and CHANGE SERIES for one set of ordered values, transferring the REMOVE SERIES, SWAP SERIES, INSERT SERIES and CHANGE SERIES and using the REMOVE SERIES, SWAP SERIES, INSERT SERIES and CHANGE SERIES to reconcile another ordered set of values.

Abstract: A method of forming a transistor device is provided. The method includes forming a plurality of gate structures including a gate spacer and a gate electrode on a substrate, wherein the plurality of gate structures are separated from each other by a source/drain contact. The method further includes reducing the height of the gate electrodes to form gate troughs, and forming a gate liner on the gate electrodes and gate spacers. The method further includes forming a gate cap on the gate liner, and reducing the height of the source/drain contacts between the gate structures to form a source/drain trough. The method further includes forming a source/drain liner on the source/drain contacts and gate spacers, wherein the source/drain liner is selectively etchable relative to the gate liner, and forming a source/drain cap on the source/drain liner.

Abstract: A cache memory stores a cache line associated with a coherence state field set to a first modified coherence state. The cache memory implements a default first coherence state update policy in which the cache memory is biased to retain write authority for the cache line. Responsive to a store request, the cache memory updates data of the cache line. If the store request indicates a change from the default first coherence state update policy, the cache memory updates the coherence state field from the first modified coherence state to a second modified coherence state in which the cache memory is biased to transfer write authority for the cache line. If the store request does not indicate a change from the default first coherence state policy, the cache memory refrains from updating the coherence state field from the first modified coherence state.

Abstract: Embodiments provide a method, a system, and a computer program product for performing copy operations of one or more data units in a hierarchical storage management (HSM) system. The HSM system includes an upper layer and a lower layer. The upper layer includes multiple storage nodes having a grid configuration. The method comprises scheduling a copy operations of multiple data units each of which is stored in at least one of the multiple storage nodes such that loads on the copy operations are distributed among the multiple storage nodes in which the multiple data units are stored and copying the multiple data units to the lower layer in accordance with the scheduling.

Abstract: A method for clustering time stamps in time series data includes receiving a one-dimensional array of ordered timestamps and an expected frequency; determining a set of time intervals; determining a first binary array that indicates whether each time interval in the set of time intervals is greater than or less than the expected frequency; determining a second binary array of differences between a corresponding pair of adjacent elements of the first binary array; appending an ith timestamp to one of a set of opening interval bounds, a set of closing interval bounds, or a set of isolated points; merging the set of set of opening interval bounds and the set of closing interval bounds into a set of cluster intervals ?; and outputting the set of cluster intervals and the set of isolated points.

Abstract: A method for detecting hotspots in physical design layout patterns includes receiving a given physical design layout pattern, utilizing a hotspot detection model to detect one or more potential hotspots in the given physical design layout pattern, and performing a verification to determine whether a given potential hotspot of the one or more potential hotspots detected by the hotspot detection model comprises a real hotspot or a nonexistent hotspot. The method also includes, responsive to determining that the given potential hotspot comprises an actual hotspot, modifying the given physical design layout pattern to remove the actual hotspot. The method further includes, responsive to determining that the given potential hotspot comprises a nonexistent hotspot, augmenting the hotspot detection model with additional training data generated based on the nonexistent hotspot.

Abstract: Systems and methods for boosting battery voltage with boost converters are provided. Aspects include coupling a discharge path of a battery to an input side of a power converter in a power supply, wherein the power supply comprises a rectifier and the power converter. A charge path of the battery is coupled to an output side of the power converter and a processor monitors an output voltage of the power converter. The processor also monitors an input voltage of the power converter and responsive to the output voltage of the power converter dropping below a threshold voltage, the processor enables the discharge path.

Abstract: A method of forming vertical fins on a substrate at the same time, the method including, forming a mask segment on a first region of the substrate while exposing the surface of a second region of the substrate, removing a portion of the substrate in the second region to form a recess, forming a fin layer in the recess, where the fin layer has a different material composition than the substrate, and forming at least one vertical fin on the first region of the substrate and at least one vertical fin on the second region of the substrate, where the vertical fin on the second region of the substrate includes a fin layer pillar formed from the fin layer and a substrate pillar.

Abstract: Multifactor authentication is a method to secure data and accounts and to prevent unauthorized access. A first factor can be information that the user knows, such as a username and password combination. A second factor can be something that the user possesses, such as a token generator or a trusted device. The present invention enables a user to present multiple authentication factors through a single biometric input using stored credentials and tokens generated by a secure element.

Abstract: A technique for managing a data replication mode between a primary storage device and a secondary storage device includes in response to a data replication state between the primary storage device and the secondary storage device satisfying a first predetermined condition, selecting at least one candidate logical unit from a plurality of logical units implementing synchronous replication in the primary storage device at least according to priority information of the plurality of logical units. A data replication mode of the at least one candidate logical unit is then modified from synchronous replication to asynchronous replication.

Abstract: Application behavior is analyzed to determine relationships between data. Database objects accessed by an application are identified. Then, one or more relationships between the identified database objects are determined based on one or more from a group comprising statements of the application referring to the identified database objects and sets of the identified database objects accessed by different modules of the application.

Abstract: A semiconductor structure is provided that includes a pFET device including a first functional gate structure containing at least a p-type work function metal and present on physically exposed surfaces, and between, each Si channel material nanosheet of a first set of vertically stacked and suspended Si channel material nanosheets. The structure further includes an nFET device stacked vertically above the pFET device. The nFET device includes a second functional gate structure containing at least an n-type work function metal present on physically exposed surfaces, and between, each Si channel material nanosheet of a second set of vertically stacked and suspended Si channel material nanosheets.

Abstract: Methods and systems for high-availability data processing include detecting, at a first data processing system, a change in link state between the first data processing system and a second data processing system. A link state between the first data processing system and a third data processing system is changed responsive to the detection in accordance with a first high availability policy stored at the first data processing system. An identifier of the first data processing system is changed in accordance with the first high availability policy to conform to a second high availability policy stored at the first data processing system. The detection, change of the link state, and change of the identifier are repeated in accordance with the second high availability policy.

Abstract: A datacenter rack for vertically stacking a plurality of electronic devices is provided. The rack has a frame assembly having two vertical support components and a plurality of removeable trays configured to be inserted between and supported by the vertical support components. Each tray has a pair of opposing sides extending parallel to a longitudinal axis and each of the pair of opposing sides has a tensioned adjustment mechanism to shorten a length of each side to compress the tray in the longitudinal axis, with the tensioned adjustment mechanisms providing a tensioning force against the compression. Each tray also has a top surface with a movement facilitating arrangement for facilitating movement of an electronic device along the tray in the longitudinal axis.

Abstract: A vertical field-effect transistor and a method for fabricating the same. The vertical field-effect transistor includes a substrate and a bottom source/drain region. The vertical field-effect transistor also includes at least one fin structure, and further includes a bottom spacer layer. The bottom spacer layer has a substantially uniform thickness with a thickness variation of less than 3 nm. A gate structure contacts the bottom spacer layer and at least one fin structure. The method includes forming a structure including a substrate, a source/drain region, and one or more fins. A polymer brush spacer is formed in contact with at least sidewalls of the one or more fins. A polymer brush layer is formed in contact with at least the source/drain region and the polymer brush spacer. The polymer brush spacer is removed. Then, the polymer brush layer is reflowed to the sidewalls of the at least one fin.

Abstract: A framework for error correction coding that takes into account the difference in bit significance in the source symbols by using an appropriate error metric and minimizing it using a Bayes decoder and an optimized codebook. The Bayes decoder performs better than standard soft and hard minimum distance decoding and the optimized codebook performs better than classical linear block codes, e.g., Hamming codes. The error metric is a norm in information symbol space and is based on a loss function appropriately defined according to an approach for assigning significance to the various bits in the source bit stream. The Bayes decoder of this metric is defined and an optimized codebook generated that optimizes this metric under a noisy channel. The framework for error correction coding is implemented for increased reduncancy in a communications system or a data storage system and is optimized to combat noise in such systems.

Abstract: Embodiments for managing data transfers by one or more processors are described. A signal is caused to be sent between a first computing system and a second computing system. Data is stored on at least one of the first computing system and the second computing system. During at least one first portion of the signal, information associated with the storage of the data on the at least one of the first computing system and the second computing system is transferred between the first computing system and the second computing system. During at least one second portion of the signal, at least some of the data is transferred between the first computing system and the second computing system.

Abstract: One embodiment provides a method for monitoring context-dependent quality of service in a shared computing environment that includes detecting, by a processor, a change in context. Service classes are dynamically assigned to individual users and respective applications within shared computing environment customers based on the change in context. Service level agreement (SLA) statistics for each assigned service class are aggregated and collected.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a method for processing data in a database engine. The method includes storing a first instance of a first table in the database engine in plaintext. Encryption information about encryption methods and encryption keys of at least one predefined column of the first table may be maintained. In response to data changes in the column, first log entries for the data changes may be written in plaintext. The data changes may be encrypted by an encryption component using the encryption information. This results in encrypted data changes. Second log entries for the encrypted data changes may be written and applied to a second instance of the first table. The second instance of the first table is stored at a further database engine.

Abstract: A computer-implemented method according to one embodiment includes identifying a host within a container environment, and mapping a volume of a container to the host within the container environment, utilizing small computer system interface (SCSI) second level addressing.

Abstract: Streaming media augmentation and delivery includes identifying target streaming media to be streamed to a user device of a user, categorizing streaming media available for augmenting the target streaming media, and producing, based on the categorizing, a set of candidate augmentation streaming media, selecting at least one augmentation streaming media of the set and augmenting the target streaming media with the selected at least one augmentation streaming media to produce an augmented steaming media, where each selected augmentation streaming media is selected based at least in part on the selected augmentation streaming media being a demonstration of application(s) of a subject of the target streaming media, and based on an initiation to stream the target streaming media to the user device, streaming the augmented streaming media to the user device.

Abstract: A method for monitoring software usage for an application installed in a computer system. The computer system determines whether a change has occurred in a set of files stored in a set of directories for the application in a file system between inventory scans of the file system. The set of the files is associated with the application and the set of the files changes when the application is used. A usage metric for the application is adjusted by the computer system to indicate a use of the application when the change has occurred in the set of the files, increasing accuracy, by the computer system, in identifying application usage.

Abstract: A field-effect transistor (FET) and method of manufacture thereof include patterning a mask above a source and drain of a FET to form holes in the mask, growing epitaxial structures from the holes in the mask, and growing a doped epitaxial shell to coat sidewalls of the epitaxial structures.

Abstract: According to one exemplary embodiment, a method for detecting unsolicited bulk emails (UBE) is provided. The method may include receiving an email. The method may also include identifying a uniform resource locator (URL) contained in the received email. The method may then include dividing the identified URL into a plurality of component parts. The method may further include generating a tree structure based on the plurality of component parts. The method may also include generating an input string based on the generated tree structure. The method may then include calculating a hash value based on the generated input string. The method may further include determining if the calculated hash value matches a UBE hash value within a plurality of UBE hash values. The method may also include identifying the received email as a UBE based on determining that the calculated hash value matches the UBE hash value.

Abstract: Techniques for determining a prioritized listing of offers for use to contact potential customers are described. The technique includes generating an ordered listing of offers from a set of offers, by which to contact a potential customer from a group of potential customers by considering the potential customer independently from others of the potential customers in the group, during generating of the ordered listing of offers for the potential customer.

Abstract: A method of performing automated surface-mount package design includes obtaining physical inputs that include names and locations of top and bottom pins, and obtaining electrical inputs that include electrical parameters such as impedance. The method also includes automatically performing analysis and processing of the physical inputs and the electrical inputs. A design file for manufacture of the surface-mount package is automatically generated based on the performing the analysis and the processing. The design file specifies a number and material of layers of the surface-mount package.

Abstract: The invention relates to the automated determination of the staining quality of an IHC stained biological sample. A plurality of features is extracted from a digital IHC stained tissue image. The features are input into a first classifier configured to identify the extended tissue type of the depicted tissue as a function of the extracted features. An extended tissue type is a tissue type with a defined expression level of the tumor marker. In addition, the extracted features are input into a second classifier configured to identify a contrast level of the depicted tissue as a function of at least some second ones of the extracted features. The contrast level indicates the intensity contrast of pixels of the stained tissue. Then, a staining quality score of the image is computed as a function of the identified extended tissue type and the identified contrast level.

Abstract: Methods, computer program products, and systems are presented. The method computer program products, and systems can include, for instance: obtaining sensor data from sensors disposed to output data indicative of vehicle driver performance of a first vehicle, the first vehicle having for a first trip an associated first driver user who drives the first vehicle during the first trip; processing the sensor data to return error event flags that indicate errors of the first driver user when driving the first vehicle during the first trip; recording for respective event flags of the error event flags values of a first driving environment classification parameter and values of a second driving environment classification parameter; and predicting a driving performance of the first driver user for a second trip, the second trip being a proposed trip to occur after the first trip.

Abstract: Provided are a computer program product, system, and method for managing point-in-time copies for extents of data. A point-in-time copy for at least one range of extents in at least one volume for a point-in-time copy identifier is established. Change recording information is generated indicating each of the at least one range of extents less than all of the extents in the at least one volume. An update to data in the at least one range of extents in the point-in-time copy is received and data in the source storage in the at least one range of extents to be updated is copied as changed data to the target storage. Indication is made in the change recording information of the data in the at least one range of extents that has been updated.

Abstract: An approach is provided that receives a question at a question answering (QA) system. The question includes a number of words. The approach operates by calculating weights that correspond to search terms included in the plurality of words. The search terms include the plurality of words and may include terms that are one or more sequences of adjacent words included in the question. Based on the calculated weights and the words in the question, the approach generates a query that is used to search a corpus that is managed by the QA system with the search resulting in one or more search results.

Abstract: Certain relationships representing material insights are identified from among a set of discovered relationships. Cognitive discovery of relationships in a knowledge base, or corpus, are ranked according to one or more metrics indicative of material insights, including recentness and degree of alignment.

Abstract: Initializing a data structure for use in predicting table of contents (TOC) pointer values. A request to load a module is obtained. Based on the loaded module, a pointer value for a reference data structure is determined. The pointer value is stored in a reference data structure tracking structure, and used to access a variable value for a variable of the module.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for graphene film synthesis. The apparatus includes a quasi-enclosed substrate holder which includes one open side, a cap disposed over the one open side of the quasi enclosed substrate holder, and a substrate for graphene film synthesis located inside the quasi enclosed substrate holder. The method includes placing a substrate for graphene film synthesis inside of a quasi-enclosed substrate holder and generating a graphene film on the substrate via chemical vapor deposition, wherein the quasi enclosed substrate holder includes one open side and a cap disposed over the open side of the quasi enclosed substrate holder.

Abstract: After forming a material stack including a gate dielectric, a work function metal and a cobalt gate electrode in a gate cavity formed by removing a sacrificial gate structure, the cobalt gate electrode is recessed by oxidizing the cobalt gate electrode to provide a cobalt oxide layer on a surface of the cobalt gate electrodes and removing the cobalt oxide layer from the surface of the cobalt gate electrodes by a chemical wet etch. The oxidation and oxide removal steps can be repeated until the cobalt gate electrode is recessed to any desired thickness. The work function metal can be recessed after the recessing of the cobalt gate electrode is completed or during the recessing of the cobalt gate electrode.

Abstract: Management of parking spaces in a parking area comprising a plurality of zones. A ticket is provided to an individual associated with a vehicle parked in the parking area, and the ticket is associated with the vehicle. Also, a first zone in which the vehicle is parked is identified. Responsive to the individual validating the ticket, it is determined that the vehicle associated with the ticket will be leaving the identified first zone, and there is provided an indication that a parking space of the identified first zone is to become available.

Abstract: A method of forming a fin field effect transistor device is provided. The method includes forming a vertical fin on a substrate, and depositing a sidewall liner on exposed surfaces of the vertical fin. The method further includes removing a portion of the substrate below the sidewall liner to form a support pillar below the vertical fin. The method further includes laterally etching the support pillar to form a thinned support pillar, and forming a bottom source/drain layer on the substrate and the thinned support pillar, wherein the bottom source/drain layer has a non-uniform thickness.

Abstract: An original document is received. The original document is any piece of information available in electronic format. A persona of a user accessing the original document is determined. At least one document category of the original document is determined. A level of expertise of the persona of the user in each document category of the at least one document category of the original document is determined. Responsive to the determination of the level of expertise of the persona of the user in each document category of the at least one document category of the original document, the original document is modified into a modified document based on predetermined modifications for the determined level of expertise of the persona of the user in each document category of the at least one document category.

Abstract: Embodiments for implementing a fault tolerant color palette in a device having potential hardware faults by a processor. A fault tolerant color palette, assistive of user color interpretation for a display, may be generated according to a set of colors in a predetermined color palette and one or more user preferences.

Abstract: Methods for providing the capability to resample computer system metrics, while providing improved accuracy over conventional techniques. The system and method conducts monitoring and measuring metrics of system resource consumption of a plurality of entities to generate resource consumption data, generating a report of the resource consumption data for the plurality of entities for each of a plurality of time periods, identifying a number, k, of the plurality of entities as top-k consumers of resources for each of the plurality of time periods, identifying at least one residual entity of the plurality of entities whose resource consumption is not included in the top-k entities based on residual resource consumption data of the entity, and resampling the reports of the resource consumption data corresponding to the top-k entities and to the at least one residual entity to form at least one report covering a time period.

Abstract: An information processing apparatus, backup method, and program product that enable efficient differential backup. In one embodiment, an information processing apparatus for files stored in a storage device includes: a metadata management unit for managing metadata of files stored in the storage device; a map generation unit for generating a map which indicates whether metadata associated with an identification value uniquely identifying a file in the storage device is present or absent; and a backup management unit for scanning the metadata to detect files that have been created, modified, or deleted since the last backup, and storing at least a data block and the metadata for a detected file in a backup storage device as backup information in association with the identification value.

Abstract: A cognitive hierarchical storage-management system receives feedback describing users' satisfaction with the way that one or more prior data-access requests were serviced. The system uses this feedback to associate each previously requested data element's metadata and storage tier with a level of user satisfaction, and to optimize user satisfaction when the system is trained. As feedback continues to be received, the system uses machine-learning methods to identify how closely specific metadata patterns correlate with certain levels of user satisfaction and with certain storage tiers. The system then uses the resulting associations when determining whether to migrate data associated with a particular metadata pattern to a different tier. Data elements may be migrated between different tiers when two metadata sets share metadata values. A user's degree of satisfaction may be encoded as a metadata element that may be used to train a neural network of a machine-learning module.

Abstract: An appliance migration mechanism (AMM) optimizes migration of a live virtual appliance with virtual objects between cloud environments to minimize temporary connections that use significant cloud resources during the migration. The AMM determines a cost of connections of each virtual object in the virtual appliance and produces an order of migration for the virtual objects. The cost of connections of the virtual objects may be determined by the total number of connections and the maximum number of connections. Alternatively the cost of the connections of the virtual objects for migration could be determined by a weighting the costs of the connections where the weighting may consider loading or other factors on the connection.

Abstract: Techniques are provided for fabricating magnetic random-access memory devices, which eliminate junction shorts and minimize gouging of an underlying insulating layer. For example, a bottom electrode layer, a magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) stack, and an upper electrode layer are formed over an insulating layer. The bottom electrode layer and the MTJ stack are etched to form an upper electrode and a MTJ structure. A cleaning etch process removes residual metallic material which is re-deposited on sidewalls of the MTJ structure as a result of etching the MTJ stack. A conformal dielectric layer is formed to encapsulate the upper electrode and the MTJ structure and prevent oxidation or re-deposition of metallic material on the cleaned sidewalls of the MTJ structure. A final etch process is performed to pattern the conformal dielectric layer and bottom electrode layer to form a spacer on sidewalls of the MTJ structure and form a bottom electrode.

Abstract: An apparatus, method, program product, and system are disclosed for evicting pages from memory using a neural network. One embodiment of a method for evicting pages from memory using a neural network includes determining state information related to evicting pages from memory. The state information may be determined by a dedicated hardware snooping device that snoops a system bus for the state information. The method includes determining an identifier for a page in memory to be evicted using a neural network. The neural network performs machine learning operations on the state information to identify the page in memory to be evicted. The method includes locating the identified page in memory using the identifier determined by the neural network and evicting the identified page from memory.

Abstract: Provided are a computer program product, system, and method for non-disruptive encoding of source data in a source data set migrated to a target data set. The source data in the source data set is migrated to a target data set by encoding the source data to produce encoded source data to copy to a target data set. In response to receiving write data for the source data set, the write data is encoded to produce encoded write data to copy to the target data set. Input/Output (“I/O”) requests to the source data set are redirected to the target data set having encoded data for the source data set.

Abstract: A method and system for generating a job alert. According to embodiments of the present invention, before a target job is processed, a characteristic of input and output of the target job in at least one stage is determined through analyzing a historical job, and a resource overhead associated with the processing of the target job is calculated based on the characteristic of input and output. Then, an alert for the target job is generated in response to the resource overhead exceeding a predetermined threshold. In such manner, an alert for the target job can be proactively generated before the resource overhead problem occurs, so as to enable an administrator or developer to discover a fault in advance and adopt measures actively to avoid loss and damage to the intermediate results or output data when the target job is processed.

Abstract: A machine instruction is provided that has associated therewith a result location to be used for a set operation, a first source, a second source, and an operation select field configured to specify a plurality of selectable operations. The machine instruction is executed, which includes obtaining the first source, the second source, and a selected operation, and performing the selected operation on the first source and the second source to obtain a result in one data type. That result is quantized to a value in a different data type, and the value is placed in the result location.

Abstract: An apparatus, multi-layer semiconductor substrate and system for testing a high-speed signal through a printed circuit board is provided. Embodiment of the present invention provides an apparatus comprises a multi-layer substrate, one or more transmission lines disposed within the multi-layer substrate, one or more connectors attached to the multi-layer substrate for connecting one or more test cards, a lid, comprising one or more cutouts for the one or more connectors, a clamp for compressing the multi-layer substrate against the lid, and one or more high-speed connectors attached to the one or more test cards, respectively.