Abstract: A control device includes a processor. The processor controls an image sensor to read out first imaging signals in a first readout period, the first imaging signals being signals from a first quantity of pixels, and read out second imaging signals in a second readout period, the second imaging signals being signals from a second quantity of pixels, the second quantity being smaller than the first quantity, the second readout period being shorter than the first readout period. The processor controls a light source to emit first illumination light in a first exposure period before the first readout period, and emit second illumination light in a second exposure period before the second readout period. The processor generates a display image from the first imaging signals. The processor generates a support image from the second imaging signals. The processor generates support information based on the support image.

Abstract: An energy and/or ultrasonic wave treatment device includes a sheath including a hollow portion and having a central axis along which the sheath extends; a probe inserted into the hollow portion; a fixed handle provided at a proximal end of the sheath; a movable handle configured to move relative to the fixed handle; a jaw provided at a distal end of the movable handle; a metal member provided at a position including a rotation axis; and a preventing member which prevents the metal member from falling out from its position. The jaw has a jaw side hole portion centered on the rotation axis, the sheath has a sheath side hole portion centered on the rotation axis, and a diameter of the jaw side hole portion on an outer surface of the jaw away from the sheath is larger than a diameter of the sheath side hole portion.

Abstract: A medical observation system includes: a light source configured to emit, to body tissue, at least one of first narrow band light and second narrow band light; an imaging element that includes: a pixel portion including plural pixels arranged in a two-dimensional matrix; and a color filter including red filters, green filters, and blue filters that are provided on light receiving surfaces of the plural pixels, each of the light receiving surfaces including any one filter of the red, green, and blue filters on each of the light receiving surfaces; and a cut filter that is provided on a light receiving surface side of at least the pixels provided with the green filters, the cut filter being configured to shield light of a shorter wavelength band including the wavelength band of the second narrow band light, and transmit therethrough the first narrow band light.

Abstract: The treatment tool including: a tube including a lumen extending in a longitudinal axis of the tube; a wire inserted into the lumen and extending along the longitudinal axis of the tube; a first handle connected to a proximal end portion of the wire; a second handle attached to a proximal end portion of the tube. In a first configuration, the first handle is rotatable relative to the second handle about a rotation axis. In a second configuration, the first handle is non-rotatable relative to the second handle when an applied force applied to the first handle in a rotation direction is equal to or less than a predetermined amount. The first handle is rotatable relative to the second handle when the applied force is greater than the predetermined amount.

Abstract: An endoscopic surgical tool including a housing having a proximal end and a distal end, the housing having a central axis and a first aperture forming an opening disposed at the distal end, an insulator disposed within the housing and having a central bore and a second aperture, the insulator configured to extend distally from the first aperture along the central axis, and a knife disposed within the first aperture and including a tip. The knife having a retracted position and an extended position, wherein in the extended position, the knife is extended distally from the first aperture along the central axis and in the retracted position, the knife is retracted proximally towards the proximal end along the central axis. The endoscopic surgical tool including a biasing element coupled to the knife and biasing the knife toward the retracted position when the knife is in the extended position.

Abstract: An electrode unit of the invention includes: an electrode including one end and another end, the other end including a free end; and an electrode supporting portion that supports the one end of the electrode. The electrode is disposed in a second plane that is different from a first plane in which the electrode supporting portion is moved to advance or withdraw when the electrode supporting portion is moved to advance or withdraw in a direction along a longitudinal axis of the electrode supporting portion, and the electrode is supported by the electrode supporting portion via a flexed portion projecting from the first plane to the second plane.

Abstract: A medical procedure preparation guide apparatus includes one or more processors comprising hardware, wherein the one or more processors configured to: acquires an examination type which is a type of examination or treatment using medical equipment; searches a database for layout information about candidate equipment corresponding to the examination type, where the database stores layout information about spaces necessary for the examination or the treatment in relation to a plurality of sets of the medical equipment necessary for the examination or the treatment; and outputs the layout information about the candidate equipment including dynamic human body measurements information about a person concerned with the examination or the treatment using the medical equipment.

Abstract: A method for operating an electrosurgical generator and an according electrosurgical generator. Electrosurgical generator is configured to supply power to electrosurgical instrument. Electrosurgical generator is identifiable by serial number and includes at least two modules. Modules are embodied as hardware and or software modules. Each module functions according to operation mode wherein at least partially specified by license key. In initializing process of electrosurgical generator, identification information being indicative of serial number is available or made available at at least one module and license information being indicative of license key is available or made available at at least one module. Each module provides any identification and license information being available or being made available to it to at least one other module. At least one module generates a link of identification and license information and provides generated link to each of the other modules.

Abstract: A learning support device includes a processor. The processor is configured to: form a foreground image containing at least one treatment instrument by placing an image of the at least one treatment instrument within an image region; form a superimposed image by superimposing the foreground image on a background image; and form a training image by adjusting at least one of hue, saturation, or brightness of the superimposed image.

Abstract: An image pickup unit includes: an image pickup substrate; a first wiring plate bonded to the image pickup substrate; and a second wiring plate having a fifth principal surface, a sixth principal surface, and a second side surface, a fifth electrode on the fifth principal surface and a sixth electrode on the second side surface being bonded to a fourth electrode on the fourth principal surface of the first wiring plate by using solder, the sixth electrode being extended from the fifth electrode. A first conductor block is embedded in the second wiring plate, an exposed surface of the first conductor block on the fifth principal surface being the fifth electrode, an exposed surface of the first conductor block on the second side surface being the sixth electrode. The solder bonding the fourth and sixth electrodes forms a fillet.

Abstract: A manipulator system includes: a manipulator; a driving device to which the manipulator is detachably connected and which electrically drives the manipulator; a control device; a first sensor provided in the driving device; and a second sensor provided in the manipulator or the driving device. The control device is configured to perform a first step of confirming that the driving device operates normally according to electric power on the basis of an output of the first sensor, and a second step of confirming that the manipulator is connected to the driving device on the basis of an output of the second sensor. The first step includes checking whether the first sensor is normal, and the second step includes checking whether the second sensor is normal on the basis of the output of the first sensor that has been confirmed to be normal and the output of the second sensor.

Abstract: An endoscope includes: an insertion portion formed along a longitudinal axis extending from a proximal end to a distal end; a light guide having an optical characteristic that enables transmitting lithotriptic light and illuminating light having respective wavelength bands that are different from each other, from the proximal end toward the distal end of the insertion portion; and a treatment instrument insertion channel provided in the insertion portion, the treatment instrument insertion channel extending from the proximal end to the distal end.

Abstract: An endoscope system includes a direct-view endoscope configured to capture images, a treatment tool configured to be inserted into the endoscope, and a controller comprising hardware, the controller being configured to control a drive device to drive the endoscope and the treatment tool, to control driving of the endoscope to locate the endoscope inserted into a lumen in the vicinity of a nipple, to control driving of the treatment tool to move the nipple using the treatment tool, to acquire a first captured image of the nipple from the endoscope, and to predict a shape of a biliary duct connected to the nipple in the first captured image based on biliary duct shape information comprising a standard image of the nipple that is associated with a standard shape of the biliary duct.

Abstract: An illumination system for fluorescence imaging in open surgery including an illumination light source for generating illumination light including white light and fluorescence excitation light, and illumination optics for illuminating an operating area with the illumination light. The illumination optics including a light guide configured for guiding illumination light from the illumination light source into a light entry end of the illumination optics along a light path to a light exit end of the illumination optics. The light guide includes a light guiding taper arranged in the light path comprising a light entry surface oriented towards or at the light entry end and a light emitting surface oriented towards or at the light exit end, wherein an area of the light emitting surface is larger than an area of the light entry surface.

Abstract: A processing system includes a processor including hardware. The processor acquires an endoscope image in which a duodenal papilla including an oral protrusion is imaged, estimates a depth map of a region including the duodenal papilla from the endoscope image, estimates a summit line of the oral protrusion from the estimated depth map, and performs display processing so as to superimpose a guide display based on the estimated summit line on the endoscope image.

Abstract: A bending tube of an insertion appliance includes a first region including a first plurality of slits, a second region provided proximally relative to the first region and including a second plurality of slits, and a guiding surface on an inner circumferential surface of the bending tube, the guiding surface extending in a circumferential direction, and including a channel configured to slidably house a wire. Each slit of the first plurality of slits is at different position in the circumferential direction, and at different positions in a longitudinal direction. Each slit of the second plurality of slits is provided at different position in the circumferential direction, and at different position in the longitudinal direction. The first plurality of slits is distributed over a first angle in the circumferential direction, and the second plurality of slits is distributed over a second angle smaller than the first angle in the circumferential direction.

Abstract: A laser scanning method that is a method for scanning a laser beam emitted from a distal end of an optical fiber in a liquid medium. The laser scanning method includes emission of a pulsed laser beam from the distal end in the medium, wherein the emission of the pulsed laser beam includes: generating a bubble that is to come into contact with the distal end and an operation member by means of the laser beam emitted from the distal end, the operation member being disposed only at one side of the distal end in a radial direction of the optical fiber; and contracting the bubble by stopping the emission of the laser beam from the distal end.

Abstract: An endoscope of the disclosure includes an insertion section including a conduit having an inner surface. The inner surface comprises a first projecting portion provided at a first position, and a second projecting portion provided at a second position. In a longitudinal direction of the insertion section, the first position is different from the second position.

Abstract: An image acquisition unit acquires an endoscopic image photographed by an endoscope. A segmentation unit partitions the endoscopic image into a plurality of regions. A depth information generator generates depth information indicating a depth of the endoscopic image. A recognition unit specifies a direction in which the endoscope is advanceable based on region information indicating a result of segmentation by the segmentation unit and depth information of the endoscopic image generated by the depth information generator.

Abstract: A reusable rotating ultrasound capsule for mounting to a distal end of a catheter. An exemplary device includes a motor compartment having a proximal face and a distal end. A sensor compartment includes a cap that seals with the motor compartment. A motor located within the motor compartment includes a drive component and a shaft rotatably coupled to the drive component and extending distally from the motor compartment into the sensor compartment. The shaft includes an ultrasound transducer. A plurality of electrical contacts are mounted on the proximal face. At least two of the electrical contacts are electrically coupled to the motor. A rotational electrical coupler includes a rotational component mechanically coupled to the shaft and electrically coupled to the ultrasound transducer and a stationary component mechanically coupled to the motor compartment and electrically coupled to one or more of the plurality of electrical contacts.

Abstract: An endoscope includes an insertion section extending along a longitudinal axis and including a distal end portion, the distal end portion includes a distal end structural member including a conduit integrally formed as a through hole with the distal end structural member, the conduit configured so that a fluid flows through the conduit, the conduit includes a nozzle and a supply conduit located proximally relative to the nozzle, wherein a cross-sectional area of the supply conduit is greater than a cross-sectional area of the nozzle.

Abstract: An endoscope includes an insertion portion, an operation portion, and a fitting mechanism coupling the insertion portion and the operation portion so as to be decouplable. The fitting mechanism includes a plate portion and a convex portion, and a fitted-shape portion and a hole. The convex portion is fitted to the fitted-shape portion. The hole exposes at least one of the plate portion or the convex portion to outside. The fitting mechanism is provided at a position around a center axis, corresponding to a bending wire.

Abstract: A surgical tool, which can be identified in a simple and at the same time unambiguous manner. This is achieved in that a surgical tool has an electrical conductor element having a tool-specific electronic signature. An unambiguous identification of the tool is possible via this tool-specific electronic signature. Each surgical tool of the claimed type thus has a signature, using which it can be unambiguously identified.

Abstract: Provided is phototherapy progress measuring method for measuring a progress of a phototherapy of an affected portion by employing a fluorescent agent. The method includes: detecting a first fluorescence intensity, which is an intensity of fluorescence generated in the affected portion as a result of radiating therapeutic light beam onto the affected portion; and calculating, by employing the first fluorescence intensity and reference data, progress information representing the progress of the phototherapy of the affected portion. The reference data are determined on the basis of a fluorescence intensity associated with the fluorescent agent that is in the affected portion and that is not involved in the phototherapy.

Abstract: An electrosurgical generator including housing and an internal circuitry to generate a high-frequency voltage and to output the generated high-frequency voltage to an electrosurgical instrument, further including at least one output socket for connection of a plug of the electrosurgical instrument. The output socket is configured as self-contained unit including: a casing configured for mounting at a front plate of the housing; a plug socket mounted at a frontal face of the casing for plugging of the electrosurgical instrument; a conductor board inserted into the casing and being configured to provide internal connections of the output socket; and a connector provided at the conductor board for a connection to the internal circuitry. Thereby the output socket is modularly exchangeable. Being self-contained, the output socket can be easily exchanged against another output socket of different functionality, allowing for easy re-configuration.

Abstract: An overtube for an endoscope includes: a tube body having a main lumen through which the endoscope is inserted and an air-supply lumen through which gas flows; a fixing balloon provided on an outer peripheral surface of a distal end of the tube body, expandable outward from the outer peripheral surface and contractible toward the outer peripheral surface; an air supply device configured to send the gas to the air-supply lumen; and an airtight valve unit having a tubular portion communicating with the main lumen at a rear end of the tube body, the airtight valve unit closing the gap between the endoscope inserted through the tubular portion into the main lumen and an inner peripheral surface of the tubular portion.

Abstract: An optical device includes: an optical system including a moving lens that moves in a direction along an optical axis; a moving frame including a first magnetic body and configured to hold the moving lens; a holding frame formed into a cylindrical shape by a non-magnetic body and configured to movably hold the moving frame on an inner circumferential surface along the optical axis; a drive unit including a magnet and configured to cause the moving frame to move in the direction along the optical axis; and second magnetic bodies arranged between the drive unit and the moving frame and configured to transmit a magnetic force of the magnet to the first magnetic body of the moving frame.

Abstract: An insertion device comprising an insertion portion configured to be inserted into a subject and having a longitudinal axis in a state of forming a straight line. A bending portion is provided at a distal end side of the insertion portion. A bending tube is provided in the bending portion. A traction member is disposed in the bending portion. The bending tube includes a first joint ring and a second joint ring. The first joint ring is joined to the second joint ring in an adjacent manner. The first joint ring has a first contact portion where the traction member contacts an outer peripheral portion of the first joint ring. The second joint ring has a second contact portion where the traction member contacts an inner peripheral portion of the second joint ring. Application of tension on the traction member bends the bending portion.

Abstract: An image pickup unit includes: a bonded device provided with a light receiving surface, an undersurface, and four side faces, the bonded device including a light receiving element provided with a light receiving circuit, and a circuit element provided with a peripheral circuit and direct-bonded to the light receiving element; a first protective layer covering the four side faces, the first protective layer being made of an inorganic material; a second protective layer covering the first protective layer, the second protective layer being made of metal; and a third protective layer covering the second protective layer, the third protective layer being made of an organic material.

Abstract: A channel replacement method to replace a first channel of an endoscope, the first channel including a first distal end and a first rear end, the channel replacement method including: sealing a flow path of the first channel by arranging a first plug at the first distal end and arranging a second plug at the first rear end, and withdrawing the first channel from inside the endoscope.

Abstract: An optical unit includes: a fixed portion; a movable portion arranged movably inside the fixed portion; a first slider arranged between the fixed portion and the movable portion, the first slider being configured to slide with a movement of the movable portion; a second slider arranged between the fixed portion and the movable portion, and at a position different from a position of the first slider, the second slider being configured to slide with the movement of the movable portion; a driver that includes a coil and a magnet; and a biasing part that is arranged outside the movable portion, the biasing part being configured to cause the magnet to generate a biasing force to push the movable portion toward the fixed portion.

Abstract: A surgical system includes an endoscope including an imager which captures an endoscopic image, a medical manipulator with an injection needle at a distal end section thereof, a drive device which controls the medical manipulator to control a position of the injection needle, and a processor. The processor is configured to: control to inject a target amount of a injection fluid into a syringe connected to the injection needle; acquire, from the imager, the endoscopic image in which a treatment target is captured; and perform a prescribed determination to determine success/failure of injection using the endoscopic image, and control the drive device to change the position of the injection needle based on a determination result of the prescribed determination.

Abstract: An ultrasonic treatment tool comprises: a blade including a treatment portion at a distal side of the blade, the blade configured to transmit an ultrasonic vibration from a proximal side of the blade to the treatment portion and the treatment portion configured to treat a body tissue, a grasper movable relative to the treatment portion between an open position and a closed position to grasp the body tissue between the grasper and the treatment portion, a coating provided on the grasper, the coating is formed by a first resin, when the grasper is in the closed position, the coating contacts the treatment portion.

Abstract: A processing system includes a processor with hardware. The processor is configured to perform processing of acquiring a detection target image captured by an endoscope apparatus, controlling the endoscope apparatus based on control information, detecting a region of interest included in the detection target image based on the detection target image for calculating estimated probability information representing a probability of the detected region of interest, identifying the control information for improving the estimated probability information related to the region of interest within the detection target image based on the detection target image, and controlling the endoscope apparatus based on the identified control information.

Abstract: A device for securing a surgical space in a lumen. The device including: one or more expansion devices being respectively inserted into the one or more first channels in an overtube such that a distal end of the one or more expansion devices being inserted into the lumen; each of the distal ends of the one or more expansion devices having a wire configured to protrude radially outward from an outer surface of each of the one or more expansion devices; and the one or more expansion devices being configured to rotate around a longitudinal axis of the one or more first channels, respectively, to change a protruding angle of the wire and increase a visual field of an affected site in the lumen.

Abstract: Albarran modules have an Albarran lever at a distal end of a shaft. The Albarran lever is actuatable via a toggle on a main body of the Albarran module. For this purpose, the lever is coupled mechanically to the toggle by pull wires along the shaft. In known Albarran modules, the fitting and bracing of these pull wires proves complicated and laborious. Exemplary embodiments include an Albarran module (10), a drive body (17), and a method for bracing a pull wire (21), by which method at least one pull wire (21) can be braced in a particularly simple and reliable manner. This is achieved by the fact that a tensioning means for bracing the at least one pull wire (21) is connectable to a drive body (17) of the Albarran module (10) parallel to a longitudinal axis of a shaft (12).

Abstract: A medical manipulator system includes: a medical manipulator having a bending portion; a drive device connected to the medical manipulator and bending the bending portion; and a controller into which a manipulation input for bending the bending portion is input. The drive device is configured to determine a bending direction in which the bending portion is bent based on a first part of the manipulation input, and determine an amount of bending drive based on an entire input from a start to an end of the manipulation input.

Abstract: A perfusion device includes an insertion section of an endoscope configured to be insertable inside a subject and including a treatment instrument insertion conduit disposed along a longitudinal axis, and a liquid feeding tube configured to be insertable in the treatment instrument insertion conduit and including an opening at a distal end part, where, in a state where the opening protrudes from a distal end of the treatment instrument insertion conduit, feeding of normal saline can be performed through the opening of the liquid feeding tube and suction of normal saline can be performed through a gap between an outer circumferential surface of the liquid feeding tube and an inner circumferential surface of the treatment instrument insertion conduit, and a flow path for the liquid communicating with the opening of the tube is formed bent along the outer circumferential surface of the tube.

Abstract: A phototherapy device includes: a treatment light emitter configured to emit treatment light for causing a reaction of a drug; a narrow band light emitter configured to emit narrow band light having part of wavelength band of a visible light range; an imager configured to obtain a narrow band light image which is formed using the narrow band light applied onto an application position of the treatment light; a narrow-band-light image variation calculator configured to calculate a time variation between the narrow band light image obtained before an application of the treatment light and the narrow band light image obtained after the application of the treatment light; and a display image generator configured to generate a display image including information based on the calculated variation.

Abstract: A light source device includes: a first light source including a first electrode to which a current is applied, a first light emitter configured to emit light by the current applied to the first electrode, and a first heat release region configured to release heat generated in the first light emitter; a second light source including a second electrode to which a current is applied, a second light emitter configured to emit light in a wavelength different from a wavelength of the first light emitter, by the current applied to the second electrode, and a second heat release region configured to release heat generated in the second light emitter; and a heat release portion electrically-connected with the first electrode, electrically-insulated from the second electrode, and thermally connected to the first heat release region and the second heat release region.

Abstract: A medical manipulator system includes: a medical manipulator including an insertion portion having a bending portion and a wire connected to the bending portion; a drive device connected to the medical manipulator and driving the wire to bend the bending portion, wherein the drive device pulls the wire at a higher speed when the wire is slack than when the wire is not slack, and determines whether the wire is slack or not based on a comparison between a threshold tension estimated from a shape of the insertion portion and a tension of the wire.

Abstract: Electrosurgical generator and method for outputting a high-frequency alternating voltage to an electrosurgical instrument, including an inverter that generates a high-frequency alternating voltage having variable frequency and amplitude which is fed to an output socket for the electrosurgical instrument. The inverter is a multi-level inverter controlled by a reference signal defining shape of the generated HF alternating voltage, the reference signal being defined by a datagram including a finite series of sequenced amplitude and frequency data vectors for a defined number of periods. By such datagrams including descriptive data for the desired HF sinusoidal curve, data amount and bandwidth required can be reduced. Thereby a variety of modes can be described using a minimum of data which can be as low as just a few dozen bytes long. This allows for efficient control even of complex modes.

Abstract: Systems and methods for operating an endoscope reprocessing device are described. A processor can receive telemetry from sensors of the endoscope reprocessing device indicating physical process parameters currently being used by the endoscope reprocessing device. The processor can execute machine learning models, with inputs based on the telemetry, to determine an optimization target indicating target physical process parameters for optimizing operations of the endoscope reprocessing device. The processor can generate modified physical process parameters based on the physical process parameters indicated by the telemetry and the optimization target. The processor can convert the modified physical process parameters into actuator level control commands that control actuators of the endoscope reprocessing device. The processor can encode the actuator level control commands in digital signals.

Abstract: A signal cable includes: a plurality of electric wires; a first insulating layer surrounding the plurality of electric wires; a shielding layer covering a circumference of the first insulating layer; a second insulating layer covering a circumference of the shielding layer; and a fixing portion fixing a distal end portion of the shielding layer, in which distal end portions of electric wires protrude more toward a distal end side than a distal end portion of the second insulating layer, the distal end portion of shielding layer is disposed nearer to the proximal end side than a distal end portion of the first insulating layer and the distal end portion of the second insulating layer, and the fixing portion fixes the distal end portion of the shielding layer in a space between the distal end portion of the first insulating layer and the distal end portion of the second insulating layer.

Abstract: An endoscopic treatment may include a sheath extending in a longitudinal direction, a distal end member having insulation and the distal end member provided at a distal end of the sheath and having a through-hole penetrating in the longitudinal direction. The treatment tool may further include an electrode having a first conduit extending in the longitudinal direction and the electrode being configured to advance and retract into the through-hole. The electrode including a rod extending in the longitudinal direction and configured to be arranged in at least a part of the first conduit.

Abstract: An ablation treatment device for ablating treatment procedure used with endoscope device is disclosed. The ablation treatment device is inserted through the endoscope device and protruded into the human body, where the equipped neutral electrode and a gas channel for injecting inert gas is protruded. Together with another gas channel formed on the endoscope device, two types of gases are injected into the human body together with application of high frequency currents to perform ablation procedure. The ablation treatment device is controlled through a control circuit that administers control of the injection of the gases and application of high frequency currents.

Abstract: An image processing apparatus includes a processor including hardware. The processor is configured to: set a first acquisition condition and a second acquisition condition for a video processor configured to acquire a first image that is based on a display-purpose acquisition condition for acquiring an image for display at a frame rate for viewing and a second image that is based on an analysis-purpose acquisition condition for acquiring an image for image analysis at a frame rate that is lower than the frame rate for viewing, in a mixed manner, the first acquisition condition including the display-purpose acquisition condition, the second acquisition condition including the display-purpose acquisition condition and the analysis-purpose acquisition condition; generate support information based on an image analysis result; and control switching between the first acquisition condition and the second acquisition condition according to the image analysis result.

Abstract: A controller controls a movement of an endoscope to cause the endoscope to follow a surgical instrument. The controller includes a processor. The processor acquires position information including the position of the surgical instrument, acquires scene information associated with a procedure scene to be observed through the endoscope, determines an offset parameter, which determines the position of the target point with respect to a predetermined fiducial point in the field of view of the endoscope, of a target point on the basis of the scene information, sets the position of the target point with respect to the fiducial point on the basis of the offset parameter, and causes the endoscope to follow the surgical instrument such that the surgical instrument is disposed at the target point, by controlling a movement of the endoscope on the basis of the position of the target point and the position of the surgical instrument.

Abstract: Provided is a temperature measurement method for measuring an ambient temperature of a long-length medical device, using first and second optical fibers attached to the medical device, the first and second optical fibers extending in parallel with each other along a longitudinal direction of the medical device, and the first optical fiber having a distal end serving as a measurement unit extending beyond a distal end of the second optical fiber along a longitudinal direction of the first and second optical fibers. The method includes: measuring an optical path length difference between a first optical path including the first optical fiber and a second optical path including the second optical fiber; and calculating a temperature of the measurement unit based on the optical path length difference. When temperatures of the first and second optical fibers are uniform, optical path lengths of the first and second optical paths are equal.

Abstract: An electrically conductive plate of a treatment instrument includes a treating surface and a back surface facing an opposite side of the treating surface, and an electric component is arranged on the back surface of the electrically conductive plate. The electric component is electrically independent from the electrically conductive plate, and a holder supports the electrically conductive plate from the back surface side. A connector is made of a thermoplastic resin, and arranged on either side of and spaced from the electric component in a width direction intersecting with a longitudinal axis. The connector stationarily fixes each end of the electrically conductive plate in the width direction to the holder.