Abstract: Disclosed is an electronic system for resetting the voltage of a charge-sensitive pre-amplifier having input from an X-ray detector and output to an ADC. The pre-amplifier gain is increased so that the RMS ADC noise is less than 1% of a representative digitized X-ray signal. The reset logic is configured to avoid loss of X-ray counts and to prevent the pre-amplifier output being outside the allowable input range of the ADC. Reset is initiated when the pre-amplifier output rises above an upper level, which is below the maximum allowable ADC input. Reset is also initiated when a pile-up event is detected, provided that such reset will not cause the pre-amplifier output to fall below the minimum allowable ADC input. At each reset a known amount of charge is removed from the pre-amplifier, and the reset time is continuously adjusted to ensure that the charge amount does not drift.

Abstract: A locking member of a suture locking device includes a loop portion formed in an ?-shape when viewed from a width direction, and a pair of extensions extending from the loop portion towards a distal side, and an intersection portion in which the pair of extensions intersect is formed at a distal end of the loop portion. The loop portion is inserted into the hollow portion from the distal side with the thread being inserted through an inner space of loop portion, and the thread is pulled from a proximal side towards the intersection portion in the inner space of the loop portion so that the thread is locked to the loop portion.

Abstract: A method for closing a wound in a tubular organ using a suture thread attached to a suture needle. The method includes grasping a first part of the suture thread by a grasper inserted in the tubular organ after the suture thread has been passed through tissue surrounding the wound at a first position; moving the first part away from the first position by moving the grasper grasping the first part along a longitudinal axis of the grasper; grasping a second part of the suture thread located between the first part and the first position by the grasper; and moving the second part away from the first position by moving the grasper grasping the second part along the longitudinal axis of the grasper.

Abstract: A medical manipulator system including: a treatment tool unit including an arm portion having an arm with a joint and an end effector attached to the arm; an overtube having a lumen through which the treatment tool unit is inserted; a drive source configured to generate a drive force for driving the joint; a controller configured to generate an operation signal for operating the drive source; and a detector configured to detect friction generated between an inner surface of the lumen and the treatment tool unit. The controller calculates a correction amount for adjusting the operation signal based on the detected friction.

Abstract: An image pickup apparatus includes: a first member, in which a plurality of optical members are laminated; a second member including an image pickup device; and a third member including a spacer and a frame, a first through-hole that penetrates through the spacer and a second through-hole that has a larger sectional area in a direction that perpendicularly intersects an optical axis than a sectional area of the first through-hole and that penetrates through the frame are provided in the third member, the third member is glued to the first member, the second member is disposed in the second through-hole, and a front surface of the second member abuts on a second main surface of the spacer, and the frame is a frame body that shields light that is incident on the second through-hole from an image pickup side surface that is a side surface of the second member.

Abstract: A variable stiffness device includes a first elongated member, and a second elongated member movable along the first member. The first member includes first high bending stiffness sections, first low bending stiffness sections, and a reinforcement member reinforcing a strength of the first member. The reinforcement member includes a contact coil formed of a first wire spirally wound around a longitudinal axis of the reinforcement member, and a stranded tube formed of second wires that are twisted around each other. The second member includes a second high bending stiffness section, and a second low bending stiffness section. The second member is configured to move inside the reinforcement member, thereby changing a stiffness of the variable stiffness device.

Abstract: A cartilage-tissue analysis device includes: an illuminating fiber that emits, from a light-emission surface thereof, laser light coming from a laser light source; two light-collecting fibers that receives scattered light at respective light-receiving surfaces the distances from which to the light-emission surface differ from each other; and detector that detects Raman spectra from the scattered light received by the light-collecting fibers. The cartilage-tissue analysis device is configure to: calculate an intensity ratio between two Raman bands originating from cartilage tissue and subchondral bone tissue, respectively, from each of the two Raman spectra; and evaluate a state of the cartilage tissue by selecting, from among the two Raman spectra, a Raman spectrum the intensity ratio of which is within a prescribed range and that analyzes the selected Raman spectrum, to analyze the selected Raman spectrum.

Abstract: An ultrasound transducer includes: a plurality of piezoelectric devices, each of the plurality of piezoelectric devices being configured to emit an ultrasonic wave according to an electrical signal input thereto, and convert an incident ultrasonic wave from an outside into an electrical signal; and an outer surface in which a material of a scanning surface transmitting and receiving an ultrasonic wave is constituted of a self-repairing material.

Abstract: An ultrasound probe can detect flaws in an object in a non-destructive manner. The probe includes a row-column addressed (RCA) array with a plurality of row and column electrodes. The row and column electrodes are configurable to have at least four states: 1) a transmission state, 2) a reception state, 3) a ground state, and 4) a high impedance state. The probe also includes a control circuit to operate the RCA array in different transmission and reception configurations.

Abstract: A treatment system includes a guide, tubular dilator members, an operation portion, and a holding portion. The guide extends linearly or curvilinearly. The dilator members pass the guide inside and are configured to move forward along the guide. The operation portion is configured to sequentially move the plurality of dilator members from a proximal end side of the guide to a distal end side of the guide. The holding portion is provided on the guide. A distance between outer edges of the holding portion in a direction intersecting a direction from the proximal end side toward the distal end side of the guide is larger or is configured to be larger than a distance between outer edges of the guide.

Abstract: An energy control device for an ultrasonic treatment tool which includes an ultrasonic transducer and an end effector that performs a treatment using the ultrasonic vibration generated by the ultrasonic transducer comprises a first power supply configured to supply an electric power to the ultrasonic transducer, and a circuit. The circuit is configured to measure an output duration, monitor a characteristic parameter representing a situation of the treatment, set a time threshold value based on the characteristic parameter, and perform, when the output duration exceeds the time threshold value, at least one of: stopping or reducing the output of electric power from the first power supply to the ultrasonic transducer and notifying that the output duration has exceeded the time threshold value.

Abstract: A variable stiffness device includes a first elongated member including high-bending stiffness portions and a low-bending stiffness portion between adjacent high-bending stiffness portions, a second elongated member arranged along the first elongated member and including shape-memory members and a connecting member between adjacent shape-memory members, a heater to heat a shape-memory member in the low-bending stiffness portion to increase the bending stiffness, and a moving mechanism to move the second elongated member relative to the first elongated member. When the heater heats a first shape-memory member in the low-bending stiffness portion, a second shape-memory member next to the first shape-memory member is arranged in a high-bending stiffness portion.

Abstract: An endoscope illumination unit includes: an incident part into which illuminating light guided via a light guide enters; a light guide body that includes an annular section having an inner peripheral surface and that guides the illuminating light having entered via the incident part and emits the illuminating light from an outer surface of the annular section; and a reflective sheet that has opposite end portions and that is provided on the inner peripheral surface of the annular section and scatters the illuminating light, having entered the light guide body, within the annular section. The opposite end portions of the reflective sheet bent in conformity to the inner peripheral surface of the annular section is positioned at a portion of the inner peripheral surface remote from the incident part.

Abstract: An endoscope apparatus includes a scope including an imaging unit provided at a distal end of an insertion section to be inserted into an observation object, and a main body including a light source unit configured to emit illumination light that illuminates the observation object through the scope. The light source unit is configured to emit first narrow band light selected based on an absorption spectrum of a first characteristic substance, and second narrow band light selected based on an absorption spectrum of a second characteristic substance. The main body includes an image processing circuit configured to process image information acquired by the imaging unit. The endoscope apparatus also includes a display configured to display image information processed by the image processing circuit.

Abstract: Bend information computation apparatus includes: an input unit having detected light quantity information representing a relation between a wavelength in a predetermined wavelength band and a light quantity, the detected light quantity information being acquired using a light guide having at least one light absorber for changing a light quantity of light transmitted through the light guide according to a bent state of the light absorber to detect a light quantity after a change; and an arithmetic operator for computing bend information representing a bend direction and a bend magnitude of each light absorber based on the detected light quantity information, an absorption spectrum of each light absorber, a bend coefficient of each light absorber that varies according to a bend direction and a bend magnitude of each light absorber, and a unique characteristic value of each light absorber including a value for a correction relating to the bend coefficient.

Abstract: A microscope objective includes: a first lens group that has a positive refractive power and includes a first cemented lens; and a second lens group, the first lens group and the second lens group having concave surfaces adjacent to and facing each other. The second lens group includes: at least one lens component that has a negative refractive power overall; a second cemented lens; and a single lens having a positive refractive power. An axial marginal light ray height is maximized at the lens surface of the microscope objective that is the closest to an image. The microscope objective satisfies the following conditional expression: ?0.38?Fs/FC2?0.38??(1) where FC2 indicates the focal length of the second cemented lens for an e line, and Fs indicates the focal length of the single lens for the e line.

Abstract: A processing device includes: a processor including hardware, the processor being configured to acquire image data; determine, for each pixel of an image corresponding to the acquired image data, whether a pixel value of the pixel is equal to or less than a preset threshold as a dark level; accumulate, for a predetermined number of frames, the pixel value that has been determined to be equal to or less than the preset threshold and positional information regarding a position of the pixel whose pixel value has been determined to be equal to or less than the preset threshold, on the image sensor; calculate a statistical value of the accumulated pixel values for each pixel; determine, for each pixel, whether the statistical value falls outside a preset range; and correct a pixel value of the pixel whose statistical value has been determined to fall outside the preset range.

Abstract: A clip device includes a restraining tube having an insertion passage with a first arm part and a second arm part facing each other and disposed within the insertion passage and configured to protrude from the restraining tube. The clip device further includes an operation wire configured to move the first arm part. A first stopper is engaged to the first arm part and a second stopper is engaged to the second arm part. The first stopper is disposed in a region closer to a distal end of the restraining tube than the second stopper. The first stopper is configured to, in response to the operation wire moving from the distal end of the restraining tube to a proximal end of the restraining tube, move relative to the second stopper, contact the second stopper, and move in contact with the second stopper.

Abstract: A medical system includes: a medical instrument; at least one arm including at least one joint and motor that drive the at least one joint, the at least one arm including an attachment portion for detachably attaching the medical instrument to a distal end; a first input device located remote from the arm and configured to perform an operation input for operating the medical instrument and the at least one arm; a second input device provided at a distal end of the arm and configured to perform an operation input for operating the medical instrument and the at least one arm; and a processor that controls the at least one arm and the medical instrument based on an operation input from the first or second input device. The medical system enables switching in order to selectively accept an operation input from the first or second input device.

Abstract: An energy treatment instrument includes a pair of grasping pieces, and the grasping pieces grasp a treated target therebetween by closing relative to each other. At least one of the grasping pieces includes an energy applying portion which treats the treated target by applying treatment energy to the grasped treated target. At least one of the grasping pieces includes a hauler hauling the treated target toward an inside in a width direction of the grasping pieces, when the grasping pieces close relative to each other in a state that the treated target is disposed between the grasping pieces.

Abstract: An immersion microscope objective includes: a first lens group that includes a meniscus lens component that is closest to an image among the components of the first lens group, the meniscus lens component having a convex surface facing an object; and a second lens group that includes at least one lens component. The first lens group includes a first cemented lens that is closest to the object. The first cemented lens consists of a planoconvex lens that includes a plane surface facing the object and a meniscus lens that has a negative refractive power. The objective satisfies the following conditional expressions: 2.4?f1/fob??(1) 1.8?n12?1.85??(2) where f1 indicates a focal length that the first cemented lens has for an e line, fob indicates a focal length that the objective has for the e line, and n12 indicates a refractive index that the meniscus lens has for the e line.

Abstract: The endoscope of the invention includes: an insertion portion; a multi-lumen tube including bending operation wire insertion holes; bending operation wires inserted into the bending operation wire insertion holes; a wire retaining member including two opening portions; a pressing member that presses a distal end surface of the multi-lumen tube through the wire retaining member; a treatment instrument insertion channel; a distal end rigid member including a through hole; and a pipe member. A contact area of the wire retaining member with a distal end surface of the multi-lumen tube is set to be larger than a contact area of a pressing member with the wire retaining member. The pressing member is disposed between the two opening portions of the wire retaining member. The wire retaining member includes a pipe holding portion that holds the pipe member and is held between the distal end rigid member and the multi-lumen tube.

Abstract: A treatment tool includes an elongated shaft that has a bending mechanism at a distal end thereof; a bending operation part that is connected to a proximal-end side of the shaft in order to operate the bending mechanism; a connection sleeve that is provided at a connection section of the bending operation part where the bending operation part and the shaft are connected, and that rotatably holds the shaft; a rotation operation member that is provided at the proximal-end side of the shaft and that rotates the shaft; and a stopper member that can be made to slide outside the connection sleeve along a direction of a longitudinal axis of the shaft and that is engaged with both the rotation operation member and the connection sleeve at a specific position in a range of movement thereof, thereby locking rotation of the shaft with respect to the connection sleeve.

Abstract: An optical system for rigid endoscope includes an objective optical system, an eyepiece optical system, and a relay optical system which is disposed between the objective optical system and the eyepiece optical system. The objective optical system includes in order from an object side, a first lens having a negative refractive power, a second lens having a positive refractive power, a third lens having a positive refractive power, and a fourth lens having a negative refractive power. The following conditional expressions (1) and (2) are satisfied: ?3<(RL1i+RL1o)/(RL1i?RL1o)<?1.3??(1) 30<?dL1??(2) where, RL1o denotes a radius of curvature of an object-side surface of the first lens, RL1i denotes a radius of curvature of an image-side surface of the first lens, and ?dL1 denotes Abbe number for the first lens.

Abstract: In an endoscope system, a first actuator is configured to move a first optical member when a control signal is applied to the first actuator. A second actuator is configured to move a second optical member only when the control signal having a signal value greater than or equal to a predetermined value is applied to the second actuator. A signal source is configured to apply the control signal having the signal value greater than or equal to the predetermined value or the control signal having a signal value less than the predetermined value to the first actuator and is configured to apply the control signal having the signal value greater than or equal to the predetermined value to the second actuator.

Abstract: A focus adjustment method comprising setting a first range including at least one AF area, or a second range including the first range, every time the defocus amount is detected, selecting the first range or the second range based on a focus target position of an AF area included in the second range, and a reference position, updating the reference position based on the plurality of focus target positions of AF areas included in the range that has been selected, and the reference position, and selecting an AF area used in the focus adjustment from the plurality of AF areas, based on the plurality of focus target positions of AF areas included in the range that has been selected, and the reference position that has been updated.

Abstract: An optical system of a stereo-video endoscope with a sideways viewing direction, the optical system including: a sideways-viewing distal optical assembly; and a proximal optical assembly; wherein the distal optical assembly includes an inlet lens, a deflecting unit configured as a prism unit, and an outlet lens on a common optical axis one after the other in the direction of light incidence, the proximal optical assembly includes a left and a right lens system channel, the lens system channels being identically configured and arranged parallel to each other, each lens system channel having its own optical axis, and the outlet lens is formed with one or more of a light-impermeable coating on a light inlet side facing the deflecting unit and with a light-impermeable coating formed on a light outlet side facing away from the deflecting unit in a central region of the outlet lens.

Abstract: An endoscope valve for controlling connection states of a plurality of conduits formed in an endoscope includes: a piston portion; and an attachment member. The piston portion includes a seal portion. A surface of the attachment member facing the seal portion includes a first inner peripheral surface which is axially symmetrical to a central axis of the attachment member and has a diameter smaller than a diameter of an outer periphery of the seal portion, a second inner peripheral surface which is axially symmetrical to the central axis of the attachment member and has a diameter equal to or larger than the diameter of the outer periphery of the seal portion, and a connection surface which is axially symmetrical to the central axis of the attachment member and connects the first inner peripheral surface and the second inner peripheral surface to each other.

Abstract: An endoscope having an optical fiber scanning apparatus that includes an optical fiber a fixed end of which is fixed and a free end for emitting illumination light of which vibrates in a first direction and a second direction, a ferrule which includes a through hole including an opening on a distal end surface and fixes the optical fiber inserted through the through hole, a pair of first fixing members which sandwich and fix the optical fiber in the first direction, a pair of second fixing members which sandwich and fix the optical fiber in the second direction, and piezoelectric elements or a magnet configured to vibrate the optical fiber, in which a Young's modulus of the pair of first fixing members is smaller than a Young's modulus of the pair of second fixing members.

Abstract: An endoscope includes a flexible member and a variable stiffness apparatus installed in the flexible member. The variable stiffness apparatus includes a first longitudinal member and a second longitudinal member movable along the first longitudinal member. The first longitudinal member includes a first high bending stiffness portion and a first low bending stiffness portion. The second longitudinal member includes a second high bending stiffness portion, a second low bending stiffness portion, and a soft member arranged in the second high bending stiffness portion and the second low bending stiffness portion. Stiffness of part of the variable stiffness apparatus in a longitudinal axis direction is varied by changing a relative position of the first and second longitudinal members.

Abstract: A light source device includes: light sources configured to emit kinds of light having wavelength band different from one another; dichroic mirrors that are respectively arranged on a first optical path, the dichroic mirrors having light transmission characteristics different from one another, each dichroic mirror being configured to reflect or pass light emitted from any one of the light sources; light sensors that are respectively positioned on second optical paths, each second optical path being a different optical path from the first optical path and being an optical path propagating light reflected on or passed through the dichroic mirror, each light sensor being configured to detect a light amount of light that propagates through the second optical path; and a controller configured to control a light amount ratio of the kinds of light based on the light amount respectively detected by the light sensors.

Abstract: A playback processing unit causes a display device to display an endoscopic image recorded in an endoscopic image recording unit. A display time setting unit sets a display time of endoscopic images displayed by the playback processing unit on the display device in the order of imaging. A display time measurement unit measures the display time of each endoscopic image. A time information storage unit stores information related to the display time measured by the display time measurement unit. An acknowledgment unit acknowledges a user operation input. The playback processing unit causes the display device to display the endoscopic image in accordance with the user operation input acknowledged by the acknowledgment unit. The time information storage unit stores information related to a cumulative display time of each endoscopic image.

Abstract: An endoscope has a distal end constituting portion provided at a distal end of an insertion section to be inserted into a subject, a distal end cover that is integrally formed to include a translucent plate-shaped first member and a second member arranged around the first member and that is attached to an end surface of the distal end constituting portion, and a resin portion that is annularly applied to a portion including a boundary portion between the first member and the second member and that prevents transmission of a fluid.

Abstract: In an imaging system according to an embodiment, a camera unit and an information-processing unit are connected to each other by differential-signal transmission lines. The camera unit includes a solid-state imaging device and an output driver. The solid-state imaging device is configured to operate on the basis of a power source voltage higher than a substrate voltage and generate imaging data. The output driver is configured to output a differential signal of the imaging data to the differential-signal transmission lines. The information-processing unit includes a voltage generator and a de-emphasis circuit. The voltage generator is configured to generate a reference voltage higher than the substrate voltage and lower than the power source voltage. The de-emphasis circuit is configured to control an amplitude of the differential signal by using the substrate voltage and the reference voltage.

Abstract: A bending mechanism includes: a support member; a pivoting member supported at a distal end of the support member to be pivotable about an axis intersecting the longitudinal axis of the support member; a link disposed along the longitudinal axis and transmitting a force applied at a proximal end thereof to cause the pivoting member to pivot; and an adjuster adjusting stresses in the link so as not to exceed a threshold, at each pivoting position of the pivoting member with respect to the support member. The link includes a first member connected to the pivoting member and a second member disposed closer to the proximal end than the first member is. The adjuster includes a movable member moving in predetermined direction when the first and second members are relatively moved, and a spring biasing the movable member in such direction as to prevent the movement of the movable member.

Abstract: An ultrasound transducer includes a plurality of piezoelectric elements that are layered in the thickness direction and that generate a longitudinal vibration in the thickness direction. The plurality of piezoelectric elements are arranged so that the thicknesses thereof are sequentially larger from the antinode side of the longitudinal vibration towards the node side of the longitudinal vibration.

Abstract: The disclosed technology is directed to a bendable tube bendable by a bending wire that comprises a plurality of bending pieces configured to be joined together. The bending pieces including a distal-end bending piece disposed at a foremost end of the bendable tube. The distal-end bending piece includes a flat portion forming a flat surface. An attaching portion is disposed on the flat portion. The attaching portion having a first insertion region and a second insertion region. The bending wire is inserted from within the distal-end bending piece outwardly of the distal-end bending piece through the first insertion region. The bending wire is inserted from outside the distal-end bending piece into the distal-end bending piece through the second insertion region. The bending wire disposed outside the distal-end bending piece between the first insertion region and the second insertion region being attached to the distal-end bending piece by the attaching portion.

Abstract: Provided is a treatment tool including an elongated inserting section that is curveable or bendable, a wire that is disposed from an end effector to a proximal end side of the inserting section through the inserting section, the end effector being connected to a tip of the inserting section, and a power input section that is disposed on the proximal end side of the inserting section and configured to input power to a proximal end portion of the wire, and the wire transmits, to the end effector, power to drive the end effector, and the power input section is configured to increase the power to be input into the proximal end portion of the wire in response to displacement of the proximal end portion of the wire in a longitudinal direction, the displacement accompanying a curve or bend of the inserting section.

Abstract: A treatment tool includes an long member; a treatment portion rotatable about a longitudinal axis of the long member; a twisting wire one end of which is connected to the treatment portion, the other end extending toward a proximal end side of the long member; an operating portion, at the proximal end side, that includes a body fixed to the long member, and an operating member configured to rotate around and move along the axis; and a mechanism configured to couple the operating member with the wire and convert a rotation of the operating member into traction of the wire. The body includes a portion configured to come into contact with the operating member to prevent the rotation in a case where the operating member is urged in a direction toward a distal end side of the long member together with the mechanism by a restoring force of the wire.

Abstract: An endoscope includes a fixed barrel non-turnably provided at a distal end portion of an insertion portion, an image pickup unit held to the fixed barrel, a movable barrel including a channel holding hole for holding a distal end of a treatment instrument channel inserted through the insertion portion, the movable barrel being supported by the fixed barrel so as to be turnable around an optical axis of the image pickup unit and being located closer to a distal end side than the fixed barrel, and a power transmission mechanism that transmits, to the movable barrel, power for causing the movable barrel to turn.

Abstract: A light-scanning endoscope is provided with: a light-scanner that causes an optical fiber to be vibrated; a controller that causes light to be emitted from the optical fiber with the same phase as the vibrations; an adjusting unit that adjusts a distortion correction amount on the basis of a shape of a row of irradiation positions of the light on an imaging subject; and a phase correcting unit that corrects the phase in which the light is emitted on the basis of the adjusted distortion correction amount.

Abstract: A rigid endoscope including: a shaft; a body disposed at a proximal end of the shaft, a fiber image guide mounted to move longitudinally within the shaft and body; a securing section for securing the fiber image guide, the securing section being positioned within the body; a sliding element mounted to move longitudinally within the body; and a protective sheath encasing the fiber image guide; wherein the fiber image guide is twisted, for image rotation, in a longitudinal portion corresponding to the protective sheath.

Abstract: A first communicator of a first communication device is configured to use a first wireless channel and execute first key-exchange processing at a timing at which a first key-exchange timer expires. A second communicator of the first communication device is configured to use a second wireless channel and execute second key-exchange processing at a timing at which a second key-exchange timer expires. When streaming data are transmitted by using one wireless channel of the first wireless channel and the second wireless channel and a difference between a first key-exchange timer value and a second key-exchange timer value is greater than a predetermined range, a control circuit is configured to change a wireless channel used for transmission to the other wireless channel before key-exchange processing in the one wireless channel is started.

Abstract: An ultrasound endoscope includes: a transducer unit arranged on a distal end side in an insertion direction to an inside of a subject and configured to transmit and receive an ultrasonic wave; a bendable tube arranged on a proximal end side relative to the transducer unit, the bendable tube including a plurality of ring-shaped members that are joined with each other along the insertion direction and bendable in at least two directions; a flexible tube arranged to be continuous to the proximal end side of the bendable tube; and a flexible board inserted to an inside of the bendable tube and configured to electrically connect the transducer unit. The flexible board includes a helical portion that is formed in a helical shape following an inner surface of the bendable tube, and that is fixed to the inner surface of the bendable tube at a part.

Abstract: A hood for endoscope is attached to an endoscope including an insertion portion, a distal end portion and an air-feeding conduit, and the hood for endoscope includes a frame configured to be fitted to an outer circumference of the distal end portion, and a rectification plate configured to, so that gas spurted out forward in a longitudinal axis direction from an air-feeding port flows, changing an orientation in which the gas flows, from the longitudinal axis direction to a circumferential direction of the frame intersecting the longitudinal axis direction by the gas hitting the rectification member, guide the gas in a direction not toward a position of the distal end portion provided with an observation member.

Abstract: An electrosurgical system for treating tissue, including a first and second electrode; a high-frequency high-voltage supply unit which can be electrically connected to first and second electrode and is designed to supply a specified treatment alternating voltage to electrodes; and a measuring unit which can be electrically connected to first and second electrode and has a measurement voltage supply module that is designed to provide a measurement alternating voltage of at least one first and second frequency, wherein the measuring unit is additionally designed to receive an electric response signal for first and second frequency via first and second electrode and determine at least one property of a tissue located between first and second electrode therefrom. The electrosurgical system relates further to an electrosurgical generator for treating tissue, to a method of operating an electrosurgical system, to using electrosurgical system and to applying the method of operating an electrosurgical system.

Abstract: An endoscope includes: a rigid distal structure portion; a rotational portion; an exterior member; a bearing opposed to the exterior member and recessed from an outer surface of the distal structure portion, the bearing being; and a preventing portion. The bearing is configured to receive and support the rotational shaft and to displace the rotational shaft from the distal structure portion by the exterior member being removed from the distal structure portion. The preventing portion provided on one of the rotational portion and the distal structure portion, and configured to prevent disengagement of the rotational portion by coming in contact with the other of the rotational portion and the distal structure portion when the rotational shaft is displaced from the bearing.

Abstract: An image processing device includes: a processor including hardware. The processor is configured to: with respect to each pixel included in a fluorescent image obtained by capturing a tissue group including one or more tissues dyed by using a fluorescent dye group including one or more fluorescent dyes by a fluorescent microscope, estimate a light quantity of fluorescence emitted by each fluorescent dye of the fluorescent dye group; estimate a tissue amount of each tissue of the tissue group based on the estimated light quantity; estimate a virtual dye amount of each dye of a bright-field dye group of a case in which the tissue group dyed by using the bright-field dye group including one or more dyes is captured by a transmission-type microscope based on the estimated tissue amount; and generate a virtual transmitted-light image from the estimated dye amount.