Abstract: A two-crystal X-ray spectrometer in which hinged radius arms carry respective crystals 3, 4, at equal radii, and a spectrometer wavelength adjustment modifies the angular disposition of the source 1 and detector 5 about the corresponding crystals 3, 4, at half the hinge angle rate. Hitherto the crystals were mounted radially.The improvement consists of displacing the crystals 3, 4, through opposite angles .phi. to the radius line 7', 11', where .phi. lies in the range 50 to 70 degrees. This enables the glancing incidence angle .theta. to be adjusted from 0 to 75 degrees without obstruction of the beam due to the detector 5.To reduce the detector background due to scattered radiation, screening blades 70, 71, are moved perpendicularly to the center of the respective crystal surface just clear of the spectrometer beam. This enables the arrangement to be more compact than the prior use of Soller slits.

Abstract: A method for providing a signal respresentative of undesired water flow behind well casing in a producing well includes locating a well tool sized and adapted for passage through a well bore having a source of high energy neutrons at least some of which have sufficient energy to cause a nuclear reaction O.sup.16 (n,p) N.sup.16 and at least three (3) gamma ray detectors spatially arranged in a predetermined manner with said source and each other in a well bore at a depth to be investigated. The environs of the bore hole are irradiated with high energy neutrons from said source. The gamma ray detectors detect gamma rays resulting from the decay of the unstable isotope N.sup.16 comprising a portion of any undesired behind casing water flow present. Count signals representative of the detection are generated. The count signals are combined according to a first predetermined relationship to derive at least two net count signals for two of the three detectors.

Abstract: In a radiation image recording and reproducing system in which a radiation image is once recorded on a stimulable phosphor sheet and then read out and reproduced to a visible image, a phosphor sheet carrying a radiation image to be processed urgently is preferentially sent to an image read-out section to reproduce the image. A by-pass feeding line for by-passing a stacker installed on a sheet feeding line to store the phosphor sheets and send them one by one to the image read-out section is positioned on the sheet feeding line. A feeding line switching mechanism is positioned at the junction between the by-pass feeding line and a line connected to the stacker to make the sheet feeding line communicate with the by-pass feeding line in response to a preferential processing signal sent from a general controller. The sheet feeding line and the by-pass feeding line may be formed of belt conveyors, and the switching mechanism may comprise a movable plate.

Abstract: A first pinhole and an associated first pin and also a second pinhole and an associated second pin are mounted between a detector head and a detector head supporting structure such that the first pinhole and the first pin are concentric with a first axis and the second pinhole and the second pin are concentric with a second axis. The pins can be shifted relatively to each other along each axis in opposite directions, so that when one pin intrudes in its pinhole the other pin is located outside its pinhole. The axis of the intruding pin defines the trunnion axis of the detector head.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for testing transmission masks for corpuscular lithography, in which an image of a portion of mask is guided across a pinhole diaphragm, comprising at least one aperture with submicron dimensions, by inclining the corpuscular beam. The relative spacing of two measuring points is derived from the interferometrically measured table displacement and the beam inclination. This test for geometrical errors is effected by placing below the single hold in the diaphragm a scintillator followed by a photomultiplier coupled to an output circuit.For testing the entire mask area for errors and impurity particles, a multihole diaphragm, having submicron apertures arranged in matrix fashion, can be used above an integrated circuit of the charge transfer type which provides a MOS capacitor as a particle detector underneath each diaphragm opening. The exposure mask is scanned in steps, effecting several single exposures at each position by inclining the beam.

Abstract: A hydrocarbon mud log and a natural gamma-ray mud log are recorded for well drilling operations. A natural gamma-ray wireline log is run in the well following drilling operations. The natural gamma-ray mud log and natural gamma-ray wireline log are correlated to identify the correct depth interval of gas shows on the hydrocarbon mud log.

Abstract: A volume reducer for liquid scintillation counting is adapted to be used with an outer scintillation-counting vial and includes an elongate member adapted to be inserted into the vial. The elongate member has a bottom surface and a peripheral side surface and the side surface is spaced inwardly from an inner side surface of the vial to define an annular chamber in which the scintillation fluid is adapted to be retained. In certain embodiments the annular chamber is varied to either isolate certain segments thereof from each other or provide segments having differing volumes. The combination of the reducer and vial, as well as methods for preparing a scintillation fluid for testing also constitute parts of the instant invention.

Abstract: Energy-selective x-ray images are produced using two scintillating screens separated by an x-ray hardening filter. Photosensitive surfaces individually receive the light images from each screen. The resultant image transparencies are read out optically using a partially reflecting mirror between the transparencies and detecting the reflected and transmitted light. The x-ray spectral separation between the two acquired images can be further increased by using an x-ray source filter having a K-absorption edge in the vicinity of the region of overlap of the two spectra.

Abstract: A non-contact thermal imaging system based on infrared radiation detection is described which uses an energy source to provide a beam of energy that strikes a sample to be analyzed. The energy beam produces a thermal wave in the sample, there being infrared radiation emitted from the thermal wave. All of the infrared radiation emitted from the heated area of the sample is collected and directed to an infrared detector, to have a two-dimensional image of the sample. This is used to detect surface and sub-surface structure, defects, etc. The use of a focussed energy beam, such as a laser or electron beam, offers advantages. In this technique, all points of the sample are treated equally and the results are very easily interpreted to know the exact location and type of structure that is imaged in the heated area.

Abstract: A transmission line connecting a power supply, for supplying power pulses, to a load disposed inside of a vacuum chamber. Electrically conductive debris in both gaseous and non-gaseous forms is generated in response to the application of the power pulse to the load. The transmission line includes first and second conductors electrically connecting the power supply to the load. An insulator extends between the conductors and partially defines the vacuum chamber. A dump for debris in non-gaseous form is disposed between load and the insulator and the transmission line further includes a system for ejecting gaseous debris from between the conductors so that substantial debris is prevented from accumulating on the insulator, which accumulation, if allowed to form, could result in flashover of the transmission line.

Abstract: A method which evaluates at least one subject element includes detecting radiation from a plurality of elements including the subject element. Data pulses are provided which are representative of the detected radiation. A spectrum is derived from the data pulses and a shift of the spectrum is determined. The subject element is evaluated in accordance with the energy level of data pulses occurring in a region of interest associated with the subject element which are derived from with the spectrum and the determined shift of the spectrum.

Abstract: The specification describes a case for use with a hand-portable chemical agent detector for continuously monitoring an atmosphere for the presence of predetermined chemical agents. The detector having means for ionizing air samples and providing at an output terminal electrical signals representative of the mobility spectrum of ionized chemical vapors produced by the ionizing means. The case comprises means defining a chamber in the case for supporting and removably enclosing the detector, means for communicating ambient atmosphere to the chamber, electrical circuit means in the case, the circuit means being adapted to be detachably connected to the detector output terminal when the detector is positioned in the chamber and being responsive to the electrical signals for producing an alarm signal when the signals detect a chemical agent concentration in the atmosphere exceeding a predetermined concentration level, and alarm means responsive to the alarm signal.

Abstract: The moisture in paper is measured using a first set of infrared radiation wavelengths that have about the same absorption coefficients for the fiber constitutent of the paper but have substantially different absorption coefficients for the moisture contained in the paper, and a second set of infrared wavelengths that have about the same absorption coefficients for the moisture contained in the paper but have substantially different absorption coefficients for the fiber constituent, both sets of infrared radiation wavelengths being affected to about the same extent by a variable scattering characteristic of the fiber and are also affected to about the same extent by the variable amount of a broadband absorber such as carbon in the paper.

Abstract: X-ray fluorescence spectrometer for determining the sulfur content of oil and other matrices, and method of calibrating the same. The spectrometer comprises a pulse height analyzer and a computer for analyzing the energy spectrum of photons emitted by a sample in regions corresponding to the energy levels of photons emitted by sulfur and the target line x-rays scattered by the sample. The windows through which the energy is sampled are adjusted to provide a calibration curve of predetermined shape, and a built-in standard is analyzed and a value corresponding to the ratio of the relative intensities of the fluorescent energy from the standard and the scattered target line x-ray radiation is stored during initial calibration of the system. Thereafter, the system is recalibrated simply by analyzing the build-in standard again, adjusting the sampling windows, and adjusting a constant in the relationship by which the sulfur content is determined to compensate for drift in the system.

Abstract: In a double-beam spectrophotometer intended for spectral analysis in the infrared region, inputs to a light detector are switched to dark, reference light, sample light, and reference light in this order, and those components in an output signal of the detector which have a fundamental frequency corresponding to one cycle of the switching and a frequency twice the fundamental frequency undergo arithmetic operation to determine the ratio of the sample to reference light intensity, which is representative of the transmittance of the sample.

Abstract: An X-ray fluorescence method and apparatus of detecting subsurface impact caused delaminations and cracks in cloth and epoxy-catalyst laminates which method and apparatus permit nondestructive testing and evaluation of the existance, location, parameters and depth of the subsurface damage.

Abstract: A radiation image storage panel comprising a support and at least one phosphor layer comprising a binder and a stimulable phosphor dispersed therein. The sharpness of image provided by the storage panel and the adhesion between the phosphor layer and the support are both remarkably improved by providing the surface of support with a great number of pits having a mean depth of at least 1 .mu.m, a maimum depth of more than 1 to 100 .mu.m, and a mean diameter at the opening of at least 1 .mu.m.

Abstract: A disposable sample holder with a handling support for X-ray spectroscopic analysis of harmless or noxious powders, slurries, liquids, or gases, which includes a handling support for safe handling of the sample holder by either local or remote means. The handling support includes a stem extending from the surface of a cap or outer cover for the holder and a gripping member surmounting the stem. The handling support is designed for local tool handling by an operator or for remote handling by a controlled robot mechanism. Optionally, the handling support is provided with a septum through which a liquid, volatile, or gaseous sample material may be loaded into a closed sample holder by insertion of a hypodermic needle.

Abstract: A dual field of view sensor, particularly adapted for use as a forward-looking infrared night vision detector, includes a single detector (24) for receiving a light signal and developing an output electrical signal therefrom. A rotating polygon scanner (16) having a plurality of reflective facet (14) thereon receives light (12, 34) from two separate optical systems (10, 32) and directs the light onto the facets (14) of the scanner (16) at positions offset by one-half the facet angle such that the light beams alternately strike a facet and the juncture between two facets. The reflected light is then directed through a beam splitter 40 onto the detector in an alternating, interleaved sweeping motion. The beam splitter permits only one at a time of the light (12, 34) from entering the detector. In one embodiment, both optical systems include a steerable dual field of view telescope.

Abstract: In a liquid scintillation counter a standard radioactive source is supported within the tubular bore of a flexible coil spring conveyor. Spacer elements within the coil spring retain the source at a predetermined axial position along the spring. The coil spring is disposed in sliding engagement along a conveyor guideway. A drive roller drivingly engages the spring for conveying the source along the guideway between an operating position adjacent the counting chamber and a remote shielded position.