Abstract: The present invention is directed to the use of hydroxylamine, its acid salts or mixtures thereof to prevent fouling during the basic washing of hydrocarbons containing oxygenated compounds. More specifically, oxygenated compounds such as carbonyl containing organics have a tendency to polymerize, producing fouling elements when such are contained in hydrocarbons being washed with basic materials. The hydroxylamine and its salts are quite effective in reducing the fouling tendencies due to these specific mechanisms.

Abstract: A multiple-fill dishwasher and method includes a wash chamber having a sump at the bottom thereof, a remotely controlled inlet valve for supplying cleansing liquid into the sump, a drain for draining liquid and entrained soil from the sump, and a recirculating pump having a spraying system receiving the output thereof for spraying liquid onto soiled ware contained within the chamber. A control circuit controls the valve, drain means, and pump to perform a selected one of a plurality of different cleansing cycles which are automatically selected according to the extent of soil on the ware. An operator-actuated switch for commencing operating of the control circuit, and a chamber for collecting soil particles in a concentrated fashion during liquid recirculation, are also provided.

Abstract: A catalyst support and process for preparing same are provided wherein a metal substrate is coated with a layer of adherent alumina with a layer of chromium interposed between the alumina catalyst support and the metal substrate. The catalyst supports of the invention are especially useful in catalytic converters for the purification and control of exhaust gas emissions from internal combustion engines by the active catalyst oxidation/reduction of carbon monoxide, unburned hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides.

Abstract: An extraction residue obtained by solvent deasphalting of a residual oil is mixed with a carrier gas and thermally cracked at a temperature of 400.degree. C. to 600.degree. C. in a tube-type cracking apparatus to obtain cracked oil and pitch. The use of the carrier gas, which may be either an inert gas such as nitrogen or a reactive gas such as hydrogen, permits a flow velocity through the cracking apparatus sufficient to substantially prevent coking. Preferably, the cracking conditions are controlled so that the yield of cracked oil is not more than about 30 to 35%.

Abstract: A more effective and efficient method for separating the components of crude oil, particularly off-gases and LSR naphtha and heavy naphtha, is disclosed. The crude oil is heated and fed to a prefractionator that operates at relatively high pressure and uses a multiple condenser/accumulator overhead system for collecting and separating off-gases and LSR naphtha while avoiding the problems of water condensation in the top section of the prefractionator and the need to compress overhead vapors to fuel gas system pressure. After heating, the bottoms from the prefractionator are fed to an atmospheric crude tower to recover desirable components such as diesel, kerosene, atmospheric gas oils and reduced crude. The overheads of such crude tower are processed through a set of overhead condensers/accumulators for collecting the small amounts of naphtha and sending them to a naphtha stripper column for further recovery and purification.

Abstract: A process for removing metals from a hydrocarbon-containing feed stream comprises hydrotreatment in the presence of a solid catalyst composition comprising aluminum phosphate, zirconium phosphate and copper phosphate (preferably coprecipitated).

Abstract: Iron/lithium promoted phosphorus-vanadium-oxygen catalysts for the production of maleic anhydride are prepared by contacting a substantially tetravalent vanadium-containing compound and a phosphorus-containing compound and a promoter component containing each of iron and lithium in a substantially anhydrous alcohol medium in the presence of anhydrous hydrogen chloride to form an iron/lithium promoted phosphorus-vanadium-oxygen catalyst precursor. The catalyst precursor is recovered, dried, roasted, formed into structures if structures are desired, and calcined.

Abstract: A hydrogenation catalyst is disclosed, said catalyst consisting essentially of 10-90 parts by weight of nickel and 90-10 parts by weight of silica and having an overall active nickel surface area of 70-200 m.sup.2 /g. A two-step process for preparing the catalyst is also disclosed.

Abstract: The invention, in one aspect, relates to a particular method for the preparation of a hydrocracking catalyst, using a high iron content bauxite as a basis. This bauxite is ground and screened to a specific size and mixed with up to three types of additives: a promoter additive of the P, Mo, Co, Ni, W type, optionally a hardener additive of the phosphoric acid type, and optionally a lubricant and pore-generating additive of the polyvinyl-alcohol, polyethylene-glycol, starch type. The additives are blended with the bauxite before, or during the extrusion of the blend for the formation of pellets. The pellets are subjected to drying and calcination under controlled conditions for their activation.The obtained catalyst offers a good mechanical strength, a high content in macropores and a high activity, specifically for the hydrocracking of heavy Venezuelan crudes or residues.

Abstract: A process and system is provided to produce and dedust oil from oil shale and other types of solid hydrocarbon-containing material. In the process, raw oil shale is retorted, preferably with solid heat carrier material, to liberate an effluent product stream of hydrocarbons containing entrained particulates of dust derived from the oil shale or other solid hydrocarbon-containing material. A fraction of oil containing most of the dust is separated from the effluent product stream and fed to one or more dedusters. The dust-laden oil is dissolved in a special mixture of dedusting solvents which contains both polar and non-polar dedusting solvents. In the deduster, the dissolved oil is separated into a dedusted stream of oil and solvents and a residual stream of dust-laden sludge. Solvents are recovered from the dedusted stream as well as the sludge. The recovered solvents are recycled to the deduster for use in dedusting the oil.

Abstract: Process for the recovery of valuable metals, particularly rare earths and similar metals, which occur in a finely distributed condition in a raw material containing calcium carbonate.The raw material with the valuable elements is subjected to vigorous heating to decompose calcium carbonate and is allowed to react with sulphur oxides, particularly SO.sub.2, so that the calcium present is converted to insoluble calcium sulphate. The valuable metals are extracted from the calcine by extraction with dilute acid or water, whereafter the valuable metals are recovered from the extract in a per se known manner.The heating and the reaction with sulphur oxides may be carried out by mixing the raw material containing the valuable elements with sulphur or a combustible sulphurous material, such as pyrite, and subjecting it to exothermic combustion.

Abstract: Fouling of equipment used for processing of organic feed streams containing olefinic compounds is controlled by inhibiting polymerization of the olefinic compounds by carrying out the processing in the presence of from about 20 ppb to less than 1000 ppb of a stable free radical, such as a nitroxide.

Abstract: Apparatus for controlling an infinitesimal flow rate of fluid comprises at least one filter means (3, 3A, 3B, 3C, 3D, . . . ) provided in a fluid passage and capable of setting to a predetermined filtration amount, thereby regulating the flow rate of the fluid by controlling fluid supply to said filter means. The present apparatus may be used in a vacuum processing system.

Abstract: A process and for improving the automatic emptying and cleaning of hygienic vessels or receptacle under conditions providing for the optimum infeed of rinsing water and for a minimal water usage.

Abstract: Disclosed is a high efficiency deep fat fryer from whose fry tank fat is continuously withdrawn for heating and filtration. A pump circulates part of this fat through a helical- or serpentine-shaped finned-tube heat exchanger positioned between a gas-fired burner and the bottom of the fry tank. The remaining portion of fat is directed through a filter located in the bottom zone of the fry tank. The fryer includes a control system with sensors such as pressure switches for preventing damage to the fat at low flow rates and devices for expelling moisture trapped in the pump. The filter has an element of material such as carbon-impregnated cloth which may be quickly replaced without draining fat from the tank.

Abstract: A novel bellows expansion joint design and method of preventing stress corrosion cracking incorporates an internal cylindrical weir or sleeve which defines an inner flushing chamber adjacent the expansion bellows wherein connections are provided on the exterior wall of the expansion joint body to allow the admission of a chemical solution or treating fluid directly onto the inside surface of the bellows from an external connection to the expansion joint. In addition, a further connection is provided to a second flushing chamber surrounding the exterior of the bellows so that a similar solution may be admitted and allowed to overflow from an upper portion of the chamber.

Abstract: A method for producing a kerogen concentrate from oil shale comprises treating shale with an aqueous caustic treating solution to produce a shale product of substantially transformed mineral content, and then treating the shale product with an aqueous acid solution to produce a kerogen concentrate. The acid solution extracts minerals from the shale product to lower the ash content of the kerogen concentrate. A spent acid solution containing the extracted minerals can be treated to recover minerals therefrom.

Abstract: A reactor apparatus (10) adapted for continuously producing molten, solar grade purity elemental silicon by thermal reaction of a suitable precursor gas, such as silane (SiH.sub.4), is disclosed. The reactor apparatus (10) includes an elongated reactor body (32) having graphite or carbon walls which are heated to a temperature exceeding the melting temperature of silicon. The precursor gas enters the reactor body (32) through an efficiently cooled inlet tube assembly (22) and a relatively thin carbon or graphite septum (44). The septum (44), being in contact on one side with the cooled inlet (22) and the heated interior of the reactor (32) on the other side, provides a sharp temperature gradient for the precursor gas entering the reactor (32) and renders the operation of the inlet tube assembly (22) substantially free of clogging. The precursor gas flows in the reactor (32) in a substantially smooth, substantially axial manner.

Abstract: A cleaning system is provided for an air conditioner or heater of the type having an air duct for conveying air with a fin-type heat exchanger transversely mounted in the air duct for heat exchange with the air conveyed in the duct. The cleaning system comprises a pair of tubes mounted horizontally across the air duct on opposite sides of and parallel to the heat exchanger adjacent the upper end of the sides of the heat exchanger. The pair of tubes each have a plurality of longitudinal slots therein for fan-shaped spraying of cleaning liquid from each of the slotted holes toward the heat exchanger. A cart with a tank of cleaning liquid can be rolled to a location adjacent the air duct. The cart has a pump for pumping liquid from the tank to the tubes and a hose for quick connection to either of the tubes.

Abstract: Hydrocarbon feeds are upgraded by contacting a feed, at elevated temperature and in the presence of hydrogen, with a catalyst comprising an amorphous sulfide of iron and a metal selected from the group consisting of Mo, W and mixture thereof. The catalysts are prepared by heating one or more catalyst precursor salts under oxygen-free conditions in the presence of sulfur at a temperature of at least about 250.degree. C. The precursor salts will contain a thiometallate anion of Mo, W or mixture thereof and a cation comprising iron as a promoter metal and, optionally, additional divalent promoter metals, wherein said promoter metal or metals are chelated by at least one neutral, nitrogen-containing polydentate liquid and wherein said additional promoter metal is selected from the group consisting of Ni, Co, Mn, Zn, Cu and mixture thereof.