Abstract: In a process for hydrogenation of coal, comprising a sequence of reaction steps, connected in series, in which finely divided coal is mixed with oil and pumped to pressure, subsequently is heated to the hydrogenation starting temperature and then is subjected to catalytically activated hydrogenation, in the presence of hydrogen, wherein at least part of the heat required for heating is transferred to the coal by direct heat exchange with the hot product vapors; thereafter extracting a portion of the liquid intermediate product present in the reaction step downstream of the last reaction stage, and feeding, at least part of such product to the coal slurry which has been pumped to pressure. Preferably, the first reaction step is a preliminary reactor and the liquid intermediate product is fed to the coal slurry together with the hot product vapors.

Abstract: A catalyst composition composed of a crystalline aluminosilicate Y zeolite, normally having a silica-to-alumina mole ratio of about 6.2 or above, in combination with a porous, inorganic refractory oxide. The Y zeolite contains ion-exchanged rare earth cations and ion-exchanged Group VIII noble metal cations. The combination of the zeolite and the refractory oxide contains between 4.5 weight percent and about 6.0 weight percent water. Such a catalyst containing the recited amount of water has been found to have consistently high activities when used as a catalyst in a hydrocracking process. The Y zeolites used as part of the catalyst are typically prepared by contacting an ammonium-exchanged Y zeolite with an aqueous solution of ammonium fluorosilicate.

Abstract: In an ammonia synthesis process a nitrogen-hydrogen gas is reacted partially over a catalyst at a pressure in the range 30-120 bar abs, ammonia is separated as liquid after cooling the reacted synthesis gas and unreacted synthesis gas is recycled. The liquid ammonia is evaporated in heat exchange with reacted synthesis gas to provide the required cooling effect. Such heat exchange is effected using a heat exchange surface (as in a plate-fin heat exchanger) of at least 1.5 m.sup.2 per kg mol per hour of ammonia to be condensed, with cold-end temperature approach of less than 8.degree. C. and a hot-end temperature approach of less than 5.degree. C. whereby exploit the heat effect of, inter alia, the non-ideality of ammonia to provide product gaseous ammonia at a convenient pressure with minimal mechanical refrigeration.

Abstract: Low D.E. starch hydrolyzates which can be readily filtered are obtained from non-waxy starches by treatment with bacterial alpha-amylase for an extended period at a temperature above about 95.degree. C.

Abstract: The invention relates to a device for the three-dimensional determination of the movement between two bodies, in which the components of movement are determined by means of two measurement-value transmitters, each of which has a first transmitter element and a second transmitter element which are movable relative to each other. One transmitter element has, in this connection, at least one light path or measurement path within which a filter acting as dispersion screen is movable on the other transmitter element.

Abstract: A process for separating solids from hydrocarbons in a slurry of hydrocarbonaceous solids and solvent is disclosed comprising atomizing the slurry, introducing and mixing the atomized slurry and superheated steam in a stripping zone, vaporizing the hydrocarbons, and separately removing the vapors and the solids. The process is particularly useful in an oil shale recovery process.

Abstract: A method for washing an inner surface of a tubular permeable membrane which comprises:a friction piece having a hardness of from about 10.degree. to 30.degree. measured according to JIS K6301, 5-2 attached to an end of an elastic rod-like support, andoperating the support to reciprocate the friction piece within the tubular permeable membrane to thereby act a rub-washing force of from about 0.1 to 1.0 kg/cm.sup.2 between the inner surface of the tubular permeable membrane and the friction piece so as to remove contaminants adhered to the inner surface of the tubular permeable membrane.

Abstract: A process for hydrotreating substantially liquid hydrocarbon-containing feed streams (particularly heavy oils) which also contain compounds of nickel, vanadium and sulfur employing a catalyst composition comprising alumina, at least one compound of nickel, at least one compound of zirconium and at least one compound containing phosphorus and oxygen is prepared by a process comprising the steps of impregnating an alumina-containing support material with an aqueous solution containing at least one nickel compound and at least one zirconium compound, drying, impregnating the Ni/Zr-impregnated material with an aqueous solution containing at least one P-O compound, drying and calcining.

Abstract: Mild hydrocracking is accomplished with a catalyst containing one or more hydrogenation metals supported on an amorphous porous refractory oxide having a narrow pore size distribution and a small mode pore diameter.

Abstract: A process for removing oxygenated impurities from a hydrocarbon stream includes extracting said oxygenates by a heavy organic polar solvent, water scrubbing the extracted hydrocarbon to recover dissolved solvent and combining the solvent phase from the extractor and the water phase from the scrubber and distilling to recover the solvent.

Abstract: Dewaxing processes for hydrocarbon feedstocks are disclosed using novel catalysts comprising titanoaluminosilicates. The products of the instant dewaxing processes are characterized by lower pour points than the hydrocarbon feedstock.

Abstract: Process for the removal of the residual sulfuric acid from the reaction mixture which has been obtained in the reaction of paraffin with sulfur dioxide, oxygen and water under irradiation by UV light and which has been freed from sulfur dioxide by degassing at an elevated temperature and from which the bulk of the sulfuric acid has been removed by concentration, by warming this concentrated product and adding as much of an alkali metal carbonate, peroxide, hydroxide, sulfate or sulfonate as is required to convert the residual sulfuric acid into an alkali metal bisulfate.

Abstract: A method is described for oxidatively treating the outer surface of a steel shape such as welding wire which comprises, cleaning the surface and subjecting the cleaned surface to a heated atmosphere of air or a gas mixture containing more oxygen than normally found in air. The atmosphere is heated to a range of about 300.degree. C. to about 800.degree. C., and the surface is removed from the heated atmosphere upon oxidation of the surface to a depth of about 0.5 to about 2.5 microns. The resulting welding wire may be used to provide rates of deposition significantly greater than heretofore possible with conventional wire.

Abstract: A fat recirculating system with an external, gas-heated heat exchanger for a deep fat fryer is disclosed. The use of such a system necessitates recirculation also of cleaning solution and rinse water through inaccessible plumbing of the recirculation system whenever fat is to be replaced. To remove residual water droplets from the plumbing after rinsing, a "dry cycle" is utilized. The dry cycle includes intermittent application of heating and cooling of the empty heat exchanger, resulting in a substantial reduction in start-up time when the fryer is refilled and operation again commenced.

Abstract: A continuous process and system is provided for a petroleum oil in a multi-phase fixed bed catalytic reactor column comprising methods and means for:feeding the oil and a reactant gas at production flow rates above a first bed of porous solid catalyst particles under conversion conditions for cocurrent downward flow therethrough, collecting and withdrawing the treated oil from the first bed and redistributing at least a portion of the treated oil to at least one succeeding catalyst bed while permitting the gaseous phase to flow directly to the succeeding lower catalyst bed, recycling a quantity of treated oil collected below a catalyst bed and reapplying the treated oil at a preceding redistribution zone above the bed from which treated oil is collected, whereby the total of oil production flow rate and recycled treated oil flow rate is maintained at a predetermined minimum sufficient to effect uniform catalyst wetting. This technique is useful for hydrodewaxing of oils over zeolite catalysts.

Abstract: In production of magnetic recording media by anode oxidation of an Al predominant substrate, deposition of ferromagnetic substance in substrate pores and final grinding, use of a substrate having a surface K-value of 0.5 or larger enables easy production of media with surface roughness well suited for ideal high density magnetic recording. The K-value is the ratio of X-ray reflection intensity of the crystal plane S(1,1,1) and the toal X-ray reflection intensity of all crystal planes.

Abstract: A process for the extraction of contaminants from plastics is disclosed. A plastic surface is contacted with an alcohol to extract any contaminants which have been absorbed by or adsorbed on the plastic surface. Thereafter, the plastic surface is rinsed with water to remove any remaining alcohol. The process has particular applicability in cleaning plastic bottles and plastic post-mix beverage dispensing lines.

Abstract: A method and a device usable in particular for washing solid products contaminated by hydrocarbons.According to this method, a desorbent liquid phase is used to wash solid products which are brought into contact with this desorbent liquid phase forming a mixture consisting of solution, desorbed hydrocarbons and washed products. Said mixture, freed from gravel, undergoes at least one separation stage, this separation giving a underflow comprising at least the major part of the washed sand and an overflow from which the hydrocarbons and the aqueous phase are recovered.This method is applicable to de-oiling oil-contaminated sands and gravels.

Abstract: Multi-step synergistic process for converting waxy-containing hydrocarbon feedstocks to lube oil stocks having targeted pour points is disclosed. The waxy feed is first catalytically partially dewaxed with the catalyst having the structure of ZSM-5, and then the partially dewaxed oil is subjected to solvent dewaxing to reach a targeted pour point. Pretreating the crude prior to catalytic dewaxing process such as by deasphalting and aromatic removal is also disclosed. In an alternative process, the waxy-containing hydrocarbon feed is subjected to the steps of solvent dewaxing, catalytic dewaxing, and solvent dewaxing.

Abstract: A unitary disposable chamber and filter unit including a method for making same in which a support surface on the chamber has energy directors such that when ultrasonic energy is applied thereto the energy directors will become molten and bond a filter card to the support surface at spaced locations away from the point of discharge of the fluid through the filter card onto a microscopic slide or other surface for analysis.