Abstract: A liquid composition to be used as a rehydration drink, particularly suited for the administration to people who do heavy work under severe conditions, e.g. at high temperatures, and to sportspeople and athletes, as well as to patients who exhibit dehydration symptoms due to severe illnesses such as diarrhea or vomiting, contains per serving unit water at least 1 to 100 g of at least one carbohydrate, such as glucose polymers, maltodextrin and fructose; 2 to 2500 mg of at least one electrolyte, such as an alkali and/or earth alkali salt; 0,1 to 750 mg of at least one ammonia neutralizer, such as D,L-magnesium aspartate, L-arginine and glutamate; at least one energy enhancer, such as members of the vitamin B group and branched chain amino acids; at least one antioxidant such as .beta.-carotene, vitamin C, vitamin E and selenium; 1 to 30 mg of at least one membrane stabilizer, such as choline chloride, betaine chloride and methionine; and 1 to 200 .mu.

Abstract: A catalyst containing platinum on carbon as carrier for the catalytic oxidation of glyoxal to glyoxalic acid. Activity and selectivity of the catalyst can be considerably improved by modification with molybdenum and/or cerium.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method of reducing the decomposition of liquid acetates and increasing their storage life. A soluble amine having a pH in water between 9 and 12 is added to the acetate. Also disclosed is a composition of about 1 to about 50 ppm of the amine in the acetate.

Abstract: Preparation of vinyl carboxylates by the reaction of a carboxylic acid with acetylene in the presence of a platinum metal complex catalyst, which contains as ligands carbon monoxide or a nitrile (I), a tertiary nitrogen base (II), a tertiary phosphorus compound (III) having C-organic and/or O-organic radicals or mixtures of said compounds.The end products serve as monomers or comonomers for polymer dispersions.

Abstract: The present invention relates to:(1) a novel catalyst which has a high catalytic activity, is useful in the production of acetic acid and/or methyl acetate from methanol, and is obtained through ion exchange of an anion of an anion exchanger with an anion of an Ru--Sn hetero-polynuclear compound;(2) a process for producing acetic acid and/or methyl acetate from methanol through a one-stage reaction in a gas phase wherein the catalytic activity is maintained throughout the reaction; and(3) a process for producing acetic acid and/or methyl acetate in the presence of a highly active catalyst, for example, the catalyst specified in (1), at a high reaction rate.

Abstract: Novel 1,4-diaminocyclohexane platinum II and platinum IV complexes were synthesized which show activity in vivo against tumor models resistant to cis-platin and tetraplatin. The novel complexes include the sulfato, chloro, hydroxyl, acetato methylmalonato, tartronato and 1,1-cyclobutane dicarboxylato as leaving ligands and 1,4-DACH amine as non-leaving ligands. The complexes showed good in vitro cytotoxic activity against murine leukemia L1210/0 and human ovarian A2780 cell lines. High in vivo activity was shown against L1210 leukemia cells and against cis-platin resistant L1210/DDP and tetraplatin resistant L1210/DACH. Excellent antitumor activity against M5076 was also exhibited by the new complexes. Additionally, the platinum complexes did not elicit any indication of nephrotoxicity in the in vivo tests.

Abstract: Facile process for the production of 3-mercaptopropionitrile and 3-mercaptopropionic acid by reacting thiodipropionitrile with alkaline hydrosulfide in the presence of alkaline hydroxide. Acidification of the resulting reaction product with a strong acid, or saponification, yields the desired mercaptopropionic acid, which can be isolated in high yield.

Abstract: Carboxylic acids are produced in the liquid phase carbonylation reaction from an alcohol or its derivative and carbon monoxide in the presence of a catalyst system containing a rhodium component and an alkyl halide and water, adding an iodide salt to the rhodium/alkyl halide catalyst system so as to maintain the iodine ion concentration in the carbonylation reaction solution at 0.3 mol/l or higher.

Abstract: Retardation of the rate of evaporation of water in oil emulsions by incorporating in the organic phase thereof an effective amount of paraffin wax.

Abstract: A process for depolymerizing polymers by selective, partial oxidation at supercritical or near supercritical conditions for water and wherein supercritical water or water near supercritical conditions is used as a solvent and reforming agent, is used to produce relatively high yields of the monomers originally used to produce the polymers. The invention provides an environmentally friendly process for recycling polymeric waste materials to generate valuable polymer feedstock in a closed oxidation process which is free of hazardous stack emissions. The polymers which can be recycled in accordance with the process can include typical amounts of conventional additive and other impurities without significantly affecting the overall conversion.

Abstract: Methyl 2-hydroxy-4-methylthiobutanoate and formamide are produced by means of reacting 2-hydroxy-4-methylthiobutanamide obtained by hydration of 2-hydroxy-4-methylthiobutyronitrile with methyl formate. Said methyl 2-hydroxy-4-methylthiobutanoate is hydrolyzed to give 2-hydroxy-4-methylthiobutanoic acid and methanol. No sulfuric acid is employed as a reacting agent, hence exhaustion of a large quantity of ammonium sulfate is prevented. Formamide and methanol thus produced can be recycled as reactants.

Abstract: A soluble highly reactive form of calcium, prepared from Ca(II) salts and a reducing agent in ethereal, polyethereal, or hydrocarbon solvents, is presented. This form of calcium can be used in the preparation of organocalcium reagents. The organocalcium reagents resulting from the reaction of the soluble highly reactive calcium with organic compounds containing either halide, cyanide, a 1,3-diene, or a polyunsaturated functionality, are stable, useful reagents for organic synthesis. The organocalcium halide reagents undergo Grignard-type reactions. They also undergo reactions with Cu(I) salts to form organocalcium cuprate reagents. The organocalcium cuprate reagents undergo a variety of cross-coupling reactions. The soluble highly reactive calcium reacts with 1,3-dienes to yield the corresponding 2-butene-1,4-diylcalcium complexes. These bis-organocalcium reagents can undergo dialkylation reactions with .alpha.,.omega.

Abstract: A method of oxidatively cleaving polyethylenically unsaturated compound having a pair of carbon atoms ethylenically bonded to other carbon atoms but singly bonded to each other or a pair of carbon atoms ethylenically bonded to other carbon atoms but separated from each other by a saturated carbon atom to produce a carboxylic acid is disclosed. A hydroperoxide such as hydrogen peroxide is used as the oxidant and a salt of vanadic acid such as sodium metavanadate is used as a catalyst to oxidatively cleave such an unsaturated compound in a polar organic solvent. Ethylenically unsaturated compounds that do not contain carbon-carbon double bonds separated by one or two carbon-carbon single bonds, such as a monoethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid present in a mixture with the polyethylenically unsaturated compound, are not oxidized or only minimally oxidized.

Abstract: A method for producing an unsaturated carboxylic acid, which comprises subjecting an alkane to a vapor phase catalytic oxidation reaction in the presence of a catalyst containing a mixed metal oxide comprising, as essential components, Mo, V, Te, O and X wherein X is at least one element selected from the group consisting of niobium, tantalum, tungsten, titanium, aluminum, zirconium, chromium, manganese, iron, ruthenium, cobalt, rhodium, nickel, palladium, platinum, antimony, bismuth, boron, indium and cerium, wherein the proportions of the respective essential components, based on the total amount of the essential components exclusive of oxygen, satisfy the following formulas:0.25<r.sub.Mo <0.980.003<r.sub.V <0.50.003<r.sub.Te <0.50.003<r.sub.X <0.5wherein r.sub.Mo, r.sub.V, r.sub.Te and r.sub.X are molar fractions of Mo, V, Te and X, respectively, based on the total amount of the essential components exclusive of oxygen.

Abstract: To prepare acetic acid and acetic anhydride, methanol and methyl acetate are reacted under anhydrous conditions with carbon monoxide in the presence of a catalyst system containing carbonyl complexes of group VIII noble metals, methyl iodide, an alkali metal acetate or iodide, or quaternary organophosphonium or organoammonium acetate or iodide, The hot carbonylation mixture is decompressed, the evaporated components are fed to a first distillation zone, and the catalyst solution which remains is fed back to the reaction zone. In the first distillation zone, the volatile carbonylation products are subjected to fractional distillation; the low-boiling methyl iodide and methyl acetate pass back into the reaction zone, and the bottom product produced is a mixture of acetic acid and acetic anhydride, which is split into the pure components in a second distillation zone and a third distillation zone.

Abstract: Unsaturated carboxylic acids, e.g., pentenoic acids, are prepared by carbonylating an allylic butenol and/or carboxylate ester thereof with carbon monoxide, in the presence of a catalytically effective amount of an iridium catalyst and an iodinated or brominated promoter therefor, and optionally, a copromoter, notably wherein the promoter/Ir molar ratio ranges from 0.1:1 to 20:1. The final product acids, e.g., 3-pentenoic acid, are themselves readily hydroxycarbonylated, for example, into adipic acid, via reaction with carbon monoxide and water.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for the high yield production of dicarboxylic acids such as azelaic acid by the controlled two step oxidation of an unsaturated hydrocarbon substrate. The method consists of two steps and involves the derivatization of the unsaturated substrate which locks and directs oxidative cleavage at the site of unsaturation to yield the desired acids.

Abstract: A compound of formula: ##STR1## in which X.sup.1 is a reactive group that can react to form a covalent bond with a reactive group on the surface of a material to be rendered biocompatible, X.sup.2 is a group --O.sup..crclbar. or a precursor of such a group, n is 2, 3 or 4, Y is a group --N.sup..sym. R.sub.3 A.sup..crclbar. wherein each R, which may be the same or different, is a C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkyl group and A.sup..crclbar. is an anion present when X.sup.2 is an electrically neutral group or Y is ##STR2## wherein R.sup.1 together with X.sup.2 forms a direct bond between the nitrogen and the phosphorus atoms.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for the production of methacrylic acid and methacrolein by means of gas phase oxidation of isobutane in the gaseous phase at 250.degree. to 450.degree. C. on molybdenum heteropoly acid catalysts that are made up of CU.sub.a H.sub.b P.sub.c Mo.sub.d V.sub.e O.sub.f heteropoly acid compounds (I), where a=0.1 to 1, b=0 to 7.8, c=0.8 to 1.2, d=9 to 12, e=0.5 to 3, and f depends on the molar numbers a to e, and/or the heteropoly acid H.sub.8 PMo.sub.10 VO.sub.39 (II) or its anhydride PMo.sub.10 VO.sub.35 (III).

Abstract: A nutritional composition is provided that is low ammoniagenic, scavenges ammonia well, and yet does not contribute to excess nitric oxide production. The nutritional composition includes an amino acid profile having less than 20 percent of the total amino acids as ammoniagenic amino acids. The nutritional composition also includes less than 0.2 percent of the total amino acids as arginine and at least 0.2 percent of the total amino acids as ornithine and/citrulline.