Abstract: In a method for the flame-retardant treatment of fabrics by impregnation with a condensate of a tetrakis (hydroxyorgano) phosphonium salt and, e.g., urea, the addition of one or more protonated and neutralized amines to the impregnation solution increases the efficiency of fixation of the phosphonium salt within the fibers, improves its uniform distribution within the system and leads to improved flame-retardant and water-resistant properties.

Abstract: There are described the use of pyridine dyes of the formula ##STR1## where R.sup.1 is substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.1 -C.sub.20 -alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted phenyl or hydroxyl,R.sup.2 is a carbocyclic or heterocyclic radical,R.sup.3 is cyano, carbamoyl, carboxyl or C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 -alkoxy carbonyl,R.sup.4 is oxygen or the radical of an acidic CH compound,R.sup.5 is hydrogen or C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 -alkyl,R.sup.6 is substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.1 -C.sub.20 -alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, hydroxyl or substituted or unsubstituted amino, andX is nitrogen or optionally CH,for dyeing or printing synthetic fibers, cellulose esters or blends thereof, dye mixtures comprising pyridine dyes of the above formulae and blue disperse dyes, the use thereof for dyeing and printing synthetic fibers, cellulose esters or blends thereof, and triazolopyridine dyes having a thienyl radical.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the use of 20(R)-22-oxavitamin D analogues for treatment or prevention of skin ageing, and to the use of such compounds for preparation of pharmaceutical compositions for teatment and/or prevention of skin ageing.

Abstract: A novel control system is provided to control the liquid levels in a reactor-flasher combination used particularly for the carbonylation of methanol to acetic acid. Liquid level control is achieved by proportional controllers or other controllers which do not continuously seek zero offset from the desired level and which proportionally change the liquid flow rates from the respective reactor and flasher. An adjustment can be made to the level controllers to change the liquid flow rates by a function generator which adjusts the flow rate, according to an empirically derived function which correlates changes in methanol feed rate to liquid flow rates from the reactor and flasher. A further adjustment to flow rates can be made to effect a change in the water concentration in the reactor so as to maintain the water concentration at a desired level.

Abstract: The present invention provides a process for producing an optically active cyclohexenone derivative characterized in that it comprises using a specialized cyclohexene derivative as a starting material, reacting the derivative with lipase by regioselective transesterification to obtain optically active cyclohexenone derivatives, represented by the following formulae.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the field of catalyst technology, and more particularly to the preparation of a supported catalyst and a method of producing ethylidene diacetate using that supported catalyst. The catalyst is represented by the formula M.sub.a X. Compound M includes a group VIII transition metal which catalyzes the formation of ethylidene diacetate, preferably a compound of rhodium or palladium. Carrier X is an organic carrier, preferably selected from the divinylbenzene-polystyrene copolymers, most preferably copolymers having about 1-20% crosslinking. The weight percent of metal M contained in the catalyst is represented by the latter a. The supported heterogenized catalyst results from covalent bonding of the transition metal compound to the organic polymer carrier. Ethylidene diacetate was produced by reacting methyl acetate, iodomethane, carbon monoxide and hydrogen in the presence of this supported catalyst and an accelerator at elevated temperature and pressure.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for preparing a catalyst useful in producing ethylidene diacetate and to a process for producing ethylidene diacetate by a continuous process using the catalyst prepared. In the preparation of ethylidene diacetate from carbon monoxide and hydrogen, the conventional preparation method using a homogeneous catalyst system comprising a transition metal catalyst is hampered by difficulty in separating the catalyst from the reaction product after completion of the reaction. The catalyst of the present invention is separated easily from the reaction product. The heterogeneous catalyst of the present invention is prepared by adding a compound of a group VIII metal, preferably rhodium or palladium, to a carrier, preferably .alpha.-alumina, kieselguhr or silica, together with an accelerator containing phosphorus or nitrogen, preferably triphenylphosphine. Using the improved catalyst of the present invention also resulted in increased yield of product over conventional methods.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method of making a liquid ether acetate. After reacting acetic acid with the corresponding ether alcohol, the resulting mixture of ether acetate, water, acetic acid, and ether alcohol is, with no distillation, contacted with alumina. Particular ether acetates that can be treated include ethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate and diethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate. The treated acetates are more stable to hydrolysis after they have been passed over a bed of alumina.

Abstract: A method for preparing ester end-capped polyalkylene ether is disclosed. Cyclic ether monomers are subjected to ring-opening polymerzation at a temperature of 20.degree.-80.degree. C. and a pressure of 0-10 atm in the presence of a solid acid serving as catalyst and a mixture of acid and acid anhydride serving as a promoter. The solid acid is an oxide of group III and group IV elements and has been modified by sulfuric acid, ammonium sulfate or ammonium sulfite.

Abstract: An improved process is disclosed to prepare an carboxylic acid salt. According to the process, an aqueous solution of an alcohol is contacted with an alkali metal hydroxide in the presence of an effective amount of a copper catalyst that contains from about 50 parts per million to about 10,000 parts per million of an element selected from the group consisting of chromium, titanium, niobium, tantalum, zirconium, vanadium, molybdenum, manganese, tungsten, cobalt, nickel and mixtures thereof. Raney copper is preferred.

Abstract: A process for the hydroformylation of .alpha.-substituted, .alpha.-.beta.-unsaturated carbonyl compounds in the presence of a catalyst system based ona) a source of rhodium cations andb) a source of ligands of the formula MR.sub.1 R.sub.2 R.sub.3 wherein M represents a phosphorus, arsenic or antimony atom and R.sub.1, R.sub.2, and R.sub.3 independently represent substituted or non-substituted hydrocarbyl groups, together containing not more than 24 carbon atoms. At least one of R.sub.1, R.sub.2, and R.sub.3 is linked to M via an aliphatic carbon atom. The process is selective for the generation of alpha reaction products.

Abstract: A methanol carbonylation catalyst includes a rhodium complex supported on a porous, cross-linked vinylpyridine resin, wherein the vinylpyridine resin has a cross-linking degree of 30-60%, a pore volume of 0.1-0.4 ml/g and an average pore diameter of 20-100 nm. The catalyst may be prepared by contacting the pyridine ring-containing resin with an aqueous solution containing rhodium ion and then contacting the resulting rhodium ion-carrying resin with carbon monoxide and an alkyl iodide in an organic solvent to convert the rhodium ion to a rhodium complex bound to the resin. Acetic acid is produced by reacting carbon monoxide with methanol at a temperature of 140.degree.-250.degree. C. and a partial pressure of carbon monoxide of 7-30 kg/cm.sup.2 in the presence of an alkyl iodide and the above catalyst.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for setting dyes on fabrics in general, by a two-step process, which comprises, after the printing and drying of a textile support, an impregnation of the support by an alkali solution.The main feature of the invention is that, on the impregnated support, there is performed a vaporization, by arranging the textile support with free laps on supporting hollow rods inside a fabric-lap evaporizer.

Abstract: Spray-on cleaners that can be delivered by pump or pressurized gas aerosol spray head have been known to cause respiratory distress in the form of a choking mist. The choking mist associated with aerosol use can be reduced or eliminated by formulating surface cleaning compositions that can be dispensed through a spray head resulting in an aerosol or mist droplet having a median particle size greater than about 170 .mu.m, more preferably 200 .mu.m. We have found that typical spray-on cleaners have a median particle size less than about 170 .mu.m and, depending on the concentration and degree of irritation of strong base or strong acid components can cause severe respiratory distress. Preferred thickeners have been found for use in the non-choking aerosol or mist compositions.

Abstract: An improvement to a process for the preparation of L-5-(2-acetoxy-propionylamino)-2,4,6-triiodo-isophthalic acid dichloride by reacting 5-amino-2,4,6-triiodo-isophthalic acid dichloride with L-2-acetoxy-propionyl-chloride, is described.

Abstract: Conversion of certain lactones by reaction with carbon monoxide and water, in the presence of a homogeneous rhodium catalyst and an iodide or bromide promoter, to produce adipic acid.

Abstract: Preparing cyclohexanediones of the formula ##STR1## an aldehyde is reacted with a ketene to give a polymer having the repeating unit ##STR2## wherein n ranges from about 2 to about 1,000. The polymer is hydrolyzed to produce a mixture of an unsaturated acid of the formula R--CH.dbd.C(R.sub.1)--COOH and a hydroxy ester or acid of the formula R--CH(OH)C(R.sub.1)(R.sub.2)--COOR.sub.3, the mixture is then contacted with an esterifying agent to convert the acids to esters. The ester mixture is contacted with a dehydrating agent to convert the hydroxy ester to unsaturated ester of the formula R--CH.dbd.C(R.sub.1)--COOR.sub.3. The unsaturated ester is contacted with a basic catalyst to cyclize it to the cyclic dione ester of the formula ##STR3## and this ester is then hydrolyzed and decarboxylated to give the cyclohexanedione give the productwherein:R is selected, e.g.

Abstract: Dye leached from dyed or printed textiles in an aqueous solution can be decolorized by adding enzymes that utilize hydrogen peroxide or molecular oxygen for the oxidation of organic or inorganic substances, including colored substances, together with a source of H.sub.2 O.sub.2 or O.sub.2. Such enzymes are usually termed peroxidases and oxidases, respectively. This treatment reduces the risk of back-straining (redeposition of dye onto textile) even when less water is used. The enzymatic bleaching of released dyestuff will decrease process time as well as the amount of energy and water needed to achieve a satisfactory quality of the textile, and the color of the waste water is reduced.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for the dyeing of synthetic polyamide fibre materials, which comprises dyeing these fibre materials with a reactive dye of the formulaHO.sub.3 S--Fa--X--SO.sub.2 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 OSO.sub.3 H).sub.m(1),in which Fa is a dye radical, X is a direct bond or a radical of the formula --CONHCH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 -- and m is the number 1 or 2, the dye of the formula (1) containing only one sulfo group, from an aqueous liquor at a pH of 5 to 9 and, to set the dyeing temperature, raising the temperature from 80.degree. C. to at least 95.degree. C. over a period of at least 20 minutes. The process according to the invention produces level dyeings on synthetic polyamide fibre materials.

Abstract: A process for enhancing the thermal and/or photochemical stability of dyeings on dimensionally stabilised polyamide fibres, which comprises treating the polyamide fibre material, before the fixation step for producing defined, resilient forms and dimensions, in aqueous medium with a compound of formula I(A-Y-).sub.n Z(-W).sub.m (1)wherein A, W, Y, Z, n and m are as defined in claim 1.