Abstract: An improved method and apparatus for transaxial tomographic scanning of a patient. A scanning system is provided having a rotatably mounted X-ray radiation source/detector pair which orbits and radially scans the patient in the plane of orbit. The source provides a plurality of beams of radiation having axes in the orbital plane. The beams pass through the patient to an array of detectors each of which is aligned with one of the beams. Radiation intensity data is collected at predetermined orientations of each beam/detector pair as the assembly orbits about the patient. In a preferred embodiment the rotatably mounted source-detector pair is rotated as a unit through a preselected rotation angle .phi. about an axis effectively passing through the source. The axis and the source-detector pair connected to it are then orbited around the patient through an orbit angle .gamma. while maintaining the preselected rotation angle .phi.. The axis is orbited about an origin lying in the orbital plane.

Abstract: In order to efficiently irradiate a flowable material with high energy electrons, a hollow body is disposed in a container for the material and the material is caused to flow in the form of a thin layer across a surface of the body from or to the interior of the container while the material flowing across the body surface is irradiated.

Abstract: A method of producing excited states of atomic nuclei which comprises bombarding atoms with X rays or electrons, characterized in that (1) in the atoms selected to be produced in the excited state of their nuclei, (a) the difference between the nuclear excitation energy and the difference between the binding energies of adequately selected two electron orbits is small enough to introduce the nuclear excitation by electron transition, and (b) the system of the nucleus and the electrons in the case of ionizing an orbital electron in said atoms should satisfy the spin and parity conservation laws, and (2) the energy of the bombarding X rays or electrons should be larger than the binding energy of one of the said two electron orbits which is located at shorter distance from the atomic nucleus. According to the present invention, atomic nuclei can be excited in a relatively simple manner without requiring the use of large scale apparatus, equipment and production facilities, e.g., factories.

Abstract: A hot surface detector for heavy ions following their separation on the basis of charge-to-mass ratio. Upon striking the hot surface, the heavy ions decompose and give up their lighter constituent and/or impurity atoms and molecules to the surface. Those constituent and/or impurity atoms and molecules with ionization potentials or electron affinities comparable to the work function of the hot surface become surface ionized and are emitted from the surface as a burst of either positive or negative ions which are then detected by conventional means, including detection at an electrode, by an electron multiplier or by a mass spectrometric detector for light ions. Where negative ions are to be detected, a magnetic field is applied to prevent electrons from the hot surface from reaching the detector.

Abstract: For examining a body by means of X-rays or other penetrating radiation, data is determined representing the absorption suffered by each of a plurality of beams which are passed through the body. The beams are effectively arranged in a plurality of sets of beams, in a single plane, at many different angles. The arrangement is such that the amount of information provided by the beams is a function, which is in part non-uniform, of the beam position in the set. A reconstruction of the distribution of absorption of the radiation within a part of the body is derived from the absorption data so determined.

Abstract: An operative location or station for the examination of patients by means of X-rays, including a patients' support bed which is tiltable about a horizontal, vertically adjustable pivoting axis; including an X-ray exposure or filming installation having a picture plane oriented in parallel with the patients' support bed; a so-called overhead X-ray tube which is directed towards the picture plane; and an automatic developing arrangement for the sheets of film. The operative location is provided with transport means for the exposed film sheets which are compensatory for the vertical adjustability and inclinability of the X-ray exposure installation between the picture plane and the automatic developing arrangement, the latter of which is immovably located on the floor.

Abstract: The determination and correction of the image drift in an electron microse is accomplished using a correction signal obtained by forming the convolution product of an actual object image (instantaneous microscope image) and a reference object image (microscope image at an earlier point in time) whose change in position is proportional to the image drift. The convolution product preferably is formed using an optical analog computer. To correct the image drift, the correlation signal is used as the controlled variable which acts on the image adjusting means.

Abstract: X-ray table with automatic feeding of radiographic film, and wherein exposed film is directly processed.

Abstract: An X-ray apparatus with improved housing of components comprises a pedestal with an X-ray table thereon, and power components of the apparatus housed within the pedestal. Those power components comprise the high voltage X-ray transformer and the power control for the same. An operator's control unit is remote from the pedestal and is connected to components within the pedestal by a low voltage cable. The control unit may be mounted on a table, wall, or other suitable location. The control unit contains the components that the X-ray technician needs to select the factors that determine the X-ray exposure.

Abstract: An X-ray diagnostic installation for producing a transverse layer or planigraphic image including a first X-ray measuring arrangement having X-ray source which generates an X-ray beam whose extent of cross-sectional diffusion perpendicular to the layer is equal to the layer thickness, and equal to or less than the layer thickness in parallel to the layer, and a radiation receiver which measures the radiation intensity behind the object at successive equidistantly located points, as well as a drive arrangement for the measuring arrangement adapted to generate a linearly guided scanning motion extending in perpendicular to the direction of the central beam across the total expanse of the object, in an alternating sequence with a rotational motion about small equidistant angles, whose sum comprises 180.degree., and about a center of revolution lying approximately in the central portion of the layer surface on the main radiation beam.

Abstract: An arrangement for high speed ion beam switching in the production of determinate implantation doses for the doping, by ion implantation, in solid bodies, in which an electrode, preferably a diaphragm is interposed in the path of an ion beam from an ion source, and to which a potential is intermittently connected and disconnected in a controlled manner, to produce a potential wall which is disposed in the beam path of the ions, which has a value exceeding the kinetic energy of the ions, whereby the latter cannot pass therethrough.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a method for detecting total reduced sulfur in a sample gas, comprising the steps of: introducing sample gas into a sample cell, passing detecting radiation of a wavelength between about 250 and about 330 nm. through the sample gas, detecting the intensity of the detecting radiation passing through the sample gas, introducing an oxygen-containing gas into the cell to form a gas mixture with a sample gas, heating the gas mixture to a temperature above about 200.degree.C., passing the detecting radiation through the heated gas mixture in the cell, and detecting the intensity of the detecting radiation passing through the gas mixture. The difference between the intensity of the detecting radiation passing through the gas mixture and that passing through the sample gas alone is indicative of the total reduced sulfur content of the sample gas. An apparatus to practice the above method is also disclosed.

Abstract: In an x-ray treatment machine a charged particle accelerator or cobalt source is provided for producing a field of high energy x-ray radiation for application to a body, for treatment thereof. The radiation machine includes collimators and field shaping structures for shaping the field of x-ray radiation applied to the body. The high energy x-ray radiation intercepted by the field shaping and collimating structures produces high energy secondary electrons by a number of different atomic processes. These energetic secondaries contaminate the shaped radiation field applied to the body being treated. The contaminating high energy electrons, if not eliminated, substantially increase the dosage of radiation delivered to the surface of the body.

Abstract: An auxiliary signal for the compensation of the difference signal created in optical-pneumatic receivers due to the absorption of radiation, such compensation being achieved by one or more electrical-pneumatic transmitters connected directly to the receiver chambers.

Abstract: A corona charging apparatus including a corona electrode and a surface to be charged, and a corona discharge control line, which may be insulative or conductive, and grounded or impressed with a voltage located adjacent to the corona electrode. The relative geometry of electrode and control line is variable, both angularly and spatially to control the charge pattern deposited on the surface.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for taking x-ray pictures by ionography wherein the object to be studied is radiated by x-rays which fall on an ionization chamber. The ionization chamber includes a pair of electrodes at least one of which is in the form of a flexible sheet which includes a conductive layer and an insulating layer for collecting on the surface thereof ions generated in the chamber. Both of the electrodes have substantially spherically curved surfaces with their respective centers of curvatures located at the source of ionizing radiation. The flexible sheet is formed into a spherically curved shape by establishing a differential gas pressure across the sheet.

Abstract: An arrangement for the light-projection of indicia onto X-ray films, consisting of an X-ray film cassette having a window provided in a cassette wall extending in parallel with the film plane, including a magnetically-openable slide plate adapted to maintain the window in the closed position thereof in a light-sealed closeable condition, which is at least partly constituted of ferromagnetic material and is retained in a closed position by means of a resilient tongue and is supported so as to be rotatable about a pivot axis oriented perpendicularly to the film plane, a carrier for the indicia which are to be projected, and a light projecting device including a magnet at the entry path of the X-ray film cassette having its location correlated to the location of the window of the inserted X-ray film cassette.

Abstract: Apparatus and a method for making an X-ray photograph of an object wherein the photograph, when viewed through a lenticular screen or other similar device, will provide a three-dimensional picture of the object and the interior parts thereof. The method is carried out by successively directing the X-ray beams from an elongated continuum of point sources of X-rays through the object, then through an improved parallax grating, and finally onto the film. The grating is formed of a plurality of spaced, generally parallel rods opaque to X-rays and extending transversely of said continuum to form a series of spaced slits through which the beams can pass onto the film, whereby the beams will form a series of side-by-side aspect views or images of the object on the film which can be viewed in three-dimension with the lenticular screen. Accurate measurements of depths of interior parts of the object can be made with the exposed film. A method of making the grating is also disclosed.

Abstract: A directionally sensitive, high contrast secondary electron detector having a novel geometrical configuration for use in scanning electron microscopes and other electron beam instruments. The aperture of the detector which is placed near the specimen is in non-parallel arrangement with the aperture which admits the primary beam. The geometry of the detector provides for tilting of the specimen with respect to the incident primary electron beam to improve sensitivity and signal-to-noise ratio in comparison with prior detectors. In the preferred embodiment, the shape of the upper grid of the detector is substantially that of a conic section, thereby preventing space-charge build-up during operation.

Abstract: An electrostatic charging apparatus in which current reaching an imaging surface from a corona discharge device is automatically regulated. A sensing means is provided to measure the charging current delivered to the imaging surface and means responsive to said measured charging current to adjust the D.C. bias of an A.C. power supply energizing the corona electrode.