Abstract: A process for forming dielectric particles includes admixing a first monomer and a crosslinker in a liquid dispersion medium to form a first mixture. A second mixture of an initiator and a stabilizer is prepared and added to the first mixture to form a third mixture in which the first monomer polymerizes to form polymer particles. A second monomer is introduced to the third mixture, the second monomer at least partially polymerizing and grafting upon the previously formed polymer particles. A functional monomer effecting the outer surface charge characteristics of the final particles may be introduced to the third mixture when the second monomer is introduced. The particles may be employed in an electrophoretic fluid for use in an electrophoretic display by dispersing the dielectric particles prepared by the two stage polymerization process in a dielectric fluid.

Abstract: ?PPA composition is described which comprises carbon dioxide (CO2), at least one hydrofluorocarbon selected from the group consisting of 1,1,1,2tetrafluoroethane (R-134a), 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane (R-134) and 1,1difluoroethane (R-152a), and at least one hydrofluorocarbon selected from the group consisting of 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropane (R-236fa) and 1,1,1,2,3,3-hexafluoropropane (R-236ea). The composition may additionally comprise at least one hydrocarbon and can be used as a replacement for refrigerant R-12 in automobile air conditioning and domestic refrigeration systems.

Abstract: A dielectric dispersion for use in an electrophoretic display includes a dielectric fluid, a first plurality of particles of a first color having a surface charge of a selected polarity dispersed within the dielectric fluid and a second plurality of particles of a second color having a surface charge of opposite polarity to that of the first plurality and a steric repulsion thereto preventing coagulation of the first and second pluralities. In one embodiment, the first and second plurality of particles are each formed by separate two stage dispersion polymerization reactions. Each set of particles is formed with unique secondary and functional monomers. Corresponding charge control agents are added to the dispersion to establish opposite polarities on the respective particles.

Abstract: A process for cleaning movie film, and especially cellulose acetate based polymer film, without causing film damage, comprises immersing the film into a cleaning solvent composition which comprises one or more halogenated hydrobromocarbons having from 1 to 3 carbons, from 1 to 3 bromine atoms and at least one chlorine or fluorine atom, such as 3-bromo-1,1,1-trifluoropropane, removing the film from the solvent and drying the film.

Abstract: The present invention provides refrigerant blends which are replacements for chlorodifluoromethane (HCFC-22). The present blends have refrigeration characteristics which are similar to HCFC-22. The blends comprise from about 10 to about 90 weight percent of a first component selected from the group consisting of 1,1,1-trifluoroethane, difluoromethane, propane, and mixtures thereof; from about 1 to about 50 weight percent of a second component selected from the group consisting of hydrofluorocarbon having 1 to 3 carbon atoms, fluorocarbon having 1 to 3 carbon atoms, inorganic compound, and mixtures thereof having a boiling point at atmospheric pressure in the range from about -90 degrees C to less than -50 degrees C; and from about 1 to about 50 weight percent of a third component which is hydrofluorocarbon having 1 to 3 carbon atoms, other than 1,1,1-trifluoroethane, having a boiling point at atmospheric pressure in the range from about -50 degrees C to about -10 degrees C.

Abstract: A non-azeotropic refrigerant is described comprising (A) carbon dioxide (CO.sub.2), (B) pentafluoroethane (R-125), (C) 1,1,1-trifluoroethane (R-143a) and (D) chlorodifluoromethane (R-22).

Abstract: The invention relates to novel compositions of 1-bromopropane and at least one organic solvent selected from the group consisting of methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, 2-propanol, 2-methyl-2-propanol, 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol, tetrahydrofuran, nitromethane, ethyl acetate, acetonitrile, hexane, 1,3-dioxolane, 1-chloro-2-methylpropane, 1,1,1,2,3,4,4,5,5, 5-decafluoropentane, methyl ethyl ketone and cyclohexane and more particularly to azeotrope-like compositions based on these compounds which are useful as solvents in refrigeration flushing, oxygen system cleaning and vapor degreasing applications.

Abstract: The invention relates to novel compositions of 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoropropane and chlorinated ethylenes and more particularly to azeotrope-like compositions based on these compounds which are useful as solvents in aerosol, refrigeration flushing, oxygen system cleaning and vapor degreasing applications.

Abstract: An electrorheological fluid composition comprises dielectric particles as a disperse-phase and an electrically insulating oil as a dispersion medium, wherein the dielectric particle has a polymer portion and an electrically conductive carbon black portion and the polymer portion is grafted on the carbon black portion. The electrorheological fluid composition shows a large change in viscosity and the small current properties under an applied electric field, and excellent fluidity and dispersion stability in an absence of an applied electric field.

Abstract: An antifreeze/coolant composition is disclosed, which can effectively inhibit corrosion of metals, particularly cast aluminum and cast iron, and can also inhibit cavitation damage to metals in an engine cooling system. The antifreeze/coolant composition comprises a glycol as the chief ingredient, 0.1-0.5% by weight of at least one ingredient selected from among hexanoic acid heptanoic acid and their salts, and 0.1-0.5% by weight of at least one ingredient selected from among alkylbenzoic acids having C.sub.1 -C.sub.5 alkyl and their salts.

Abstract: To replace bromotrifluoromethane (R-13B1) in very low temperature refrigeration, the invention proposes to employ a mixture containing, on a mass basis, 25 to 50% of difluoromethane and 50 to 75% of pentafluoroethane.A third component may be incorporated in this mixture.

Abstract: Heat transfer fluid compositions comprising (a) a terpene component, comprising at least one terpene; and (b) an alkylbenzene component, comprising at least one alkylbenzene; wherein the components are provided in an effective amount such that the 5resultant composition retains the liquid phase at temperatures in the range from about 0.degree. F. to below about -120.degree. F., preferably from about 0.degree. F. to about -175.degree. F.

Abstract: The present invention relates to novel silicate-, borate- and nitrate-free antifreeze concentrates based on alkylene glycols or derivatives thereof which include an inhibitor combination essentially comprising salts of carboxylic acids together with hydrocarbon-triazoles and/or -thiazoles. These antifreeze concentrates are, in particular, entirely free from any salts of inorganic acids as corrosion inhibitors. The invention also relates to ready-to-use aqueous coolant compositions comprising these antifreeze concentrates.

Abstract: A method is disclosed for checking the accuracy of the result of a multistep etching process for forming depressions in a substrate. The check is made possible in a simple manner by providing line patterns on the etch masks. The line patterns on the etch masks for different etching steps are different and form a vernier system.

Abstract: An optimum gas mixture formulated from a group of component fluids, for use in a miniature mixed gas refrigeration system. The gas mixture has appropriate components, in appropriate concentrations, to optimize refrigeration power and heat transfer capacity, and to minimize plugging of the Joule-Thomson expansion element. The gas mixture is pressurized by a compressor to a pressure less than 750 psia, and preferably less than 420 psia, for safety reasons, and supplied to a heat exchanger. The high pressure outlet of the heat exchanger is connected to a Joule-Thomson expansion element where the high pressure gas is expanded isenthalpically to a lower temperature at least as low as 183K. This low temperature gas cools a heat transfer element mounted in the distal end of the probe, to cool an external object. Return gas flows back through the heat exchanger to pre-cool the incoming high pressure gas mixture.

Abstract: Disclosed is a refrigerator oil composition comprising at least one base oil selected from mineral oils and synthetic oils, and at least one polyoxyethylene-type nonionic surfactant. The composition has an excellent lubricating property, while specifically improving the lubricity between aluminium materials and steel materials. This is effective for preventing such materials from being seized and worn, and is suitable as a lubricating oil in refrigerators using hydrogen-containing Flon refrigerants, such as R134a, that do not cause environmental pollution.

Abstract: Aqueous solutions for cleaning semiconductor substrates are formed primarily of a base, hydrogen peroxide and a complexing agent. The complexing agent is a heterocyclic hydrocarbon having a ring size of at least 9 and at most 18 atoms and at least 3 heteroatoms, for example nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur. In the case of nitrogen-containing cryptands, these may additionally be formed with functional reactive groups and/or aliphatic bridges between the nitrogen atoms (cage structures).

Abstract: The invention provides azeotrope-like compositions consisting essentially of R.sub.f OC.sub.2 H.sub.5, where R.sub.f is a branched or straight chain perfluoroalkyl group having 4 carbon atoms, and an organic solvent selected from the group consisting of: straight chain, branched chain and cyclic alkanes having 6 to 8 carbon atoms; esters having 4 carbon atoms; ketones having 4 carbon atoms; disiloxanes having 6 carbon atoms; cyclic and acyclic ethers having 4 to 6 carbon atoms; chlorinated alkanes having 3 to 4 carbon atoms and chlorinated alkenes having 2 carbon atoms. The compositions are useful for cleaning, as solvents or carriers for coating and as heat transfer materials.

Abstract: This invention provides a stabilized alkyl bromide based solvent system that is useful for cleaning and degreasing a wide variety of metal objects. The solvent is stabilized with a stabilizer system that includes a dialkyl carbonate such as dimethyl carbonate and optionally other stabilizers and/or acid scavengers to inhibit the metal induced decomposition of the alkyl bromide based solvent. The stabilized solvent is applied to metal articles by any known or conventional means to solvate and entrain greases, oils and other undesirable matter from the article's surface.

Abstract: Azeotropes of hydrofluorocarbons and hydrofluoroethers useful for use as refrigerants are disclosed. Zeotropes of hydrofluoropropanes and hydrofluoroethers with hydrofluorocarbons, hydrofluoroethers, and hydrocarbons useful as refrigerants are also disclosed. The invention also includes refrigeration and heating processes in which these refrigerants are useful.