Abstract: An exemplary aspect of the present invention is a current limiting circuit including: an output transistor that controls a current flowing to a load from a power supply; a current sense transistor through which a current dependent on a current flowing through the output transistor flows; a sense resistor connected in series with the current sense transistor; a potential difference detection unit that detects a potential difference generated between both ends of the sense resistor; a constant current generation unit that supplies a constant current to the potential difference detection unit; and a control unit that controls a conduction state of the output transistor based on a control voltage generated based on the potential difference and the constant current, in which the sense resistor is disposed so as to surround the potential difference detection unit.

Abstract: A circuit includes a discharge arrangement configured to discharge an electrostatic charge. The discharge arrangement has a discharge state. A first circuit is configured to provide a pulse to the discharge arrangement when the electrostatic charge is sensed. The pulse causes the discharge arrangement to enter the discharge state. A second circuit is configured to maintain the discharge arrangement in the discharge state after the pulse has ended. A third circuit is configured to receive the pulse and to provide a delayed output to the discharge arrangement. The delayed output causes the discharge arrangement to exit the discharge state.

Abstract: An electrical system having at least one load that is protected by a protective device, where a tripping parameter, i.e., a tripping current of the protective device can be set. A control unit is provided to which a measured current value of the current consumed by the at least one load is supplied, where the control unit generates a limit value, which is provided to the protective device for setting a tripping parameter as a function of the characteristic curve of the measured current value. The control unit thus permits ongoing adjustment of the tripping parameters, i.e., the release current, according to the actual operating conditions.

Abstract: A short-circuit protection device for limiting, preferably also deactivating, short-circuit currents in high energy direct current networks, in particular short-circuit currents of battery systems in submarine direct current networks. The device includes an electrical resistor, in particular an ohmic resistor, to conduct and limit the short-circuit current in the case of a short-circuit, a first switch connected in parallel with the resistor for bridging the resistor when the network is free of short-circuit, a monitoring and control arrangement for monitoring the current by the switch and for opening the switch if the current through the switch exceeds a specified threshold value.

Abstract: There is provided a power supply circuit, in which cost reduction is realized by reducing the number of electric wires. An inverter 3 and a motor 4 are supplied with power by a high-voltage battery 21. Relays 22a to 22c are provided between the high-voltage battery 21 and the inverter 3. Both ends of each of relay coils C provided to the relays 22a to 22c are connected to an ECU 5, and the ECU 5 controls a current flowing through the relay coils C and thereby controls the turning on and off of the relays 22a to 22c. A service plug 6 is detachably provided between batteries making up the high-voltage battery 21, and when the service plug 6 is detached, the supply of power from the high-voltage battery 21 to the inverter 3 and the motor 4 is blocked and when the service plug 6 is attached, the supply of power from the high-voltage battery 21 to the inverter 3 and the motor 4 is enabled.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a digital protection relay and an operation method of the digital protection relay for enhancing the operation of a frequency change rate relay element (81R) thereof, and the digital protection relay and an operation method thereof may calculate a plurality of different frequency change rates from the measured frequency and use a value of the frequency change rate selected based on a predetermined criteria in the control of a relay operation, thereby providing an effect of enhancing reliability for the operation of the frequency change rate relay element.

Abstract: A method for controlling a normally closed relay includes: providing power to at least one of a first electromagnet and a second electromagnet via a power input port, then cause a first actuation member and a second actuation member to separate from each other, and the relay is then in an open state; and stopping providing power to the at lease one first electromagnet and the second electromagnet which being powered by the power input port such that the first actuation member and the second actuation member makes contact with each other, and the relay is then in a closed state.

Abstract: A device is provided for energizing a power output stage, that has a transistor, a capacitor and a supply circuit. The transistor has a control input and is designed to supply a firing current as a function of a control voltage that is present at the control input. The capacitor, which is connected to the control input of the transistor, is designed to supply the control voltage to the control input. The supply circuit has a resistor that is connected between the capacitor and a supply voltage terminal, the supply circuit being designed to charge the capacitor via the resistor to the control voltage.

Abstract: A system for and method of providing overload protection for an active material actuator and composing assembly, including a magnetically functioning mechanism comprising one or more permanent magnet, electromagnet, and/or magnetorheological fluid reservoir cooperatively configured to produce a tunable holding force.

Abstract: A system for and method of providing overload protection for actuators, such as shape memory alloy wires, including and utilizing a magnetorheological fluid mechanism connected in series with or parallel to the load driven by the actuator, and operable to effect tunable protection.

Abstract: Certain embodiments of the invention may include systems, methods and apparatus for voltage clamp circuits. According to an example embodiment of the invention, a voltage clamp circuit may include a first circuit portion electrically coupled to the output of at least one power source. The first circuit portion comprises a power semiconductor device having a first, second and a third node and one or more zener diodes electrically coupled to the first or the second node of the power semiconductor device. The voltage clamp circuit may further include a second circuit portion in electrical communication with the first circuit portion, where the second circuit portion comprises a resistor, a capacitor and a directional device, and where the second circuit portion connects to the one or more zener diodes to reduce peak voltage output between the second and the third node of the power semiconductor device.

Abstract: A reverse battery protection circuit for an actuator or the like. The circuit includes at least a first transistor and a second transistor which is coupled to both the first transistor and a voltage supply in a manner wherein the second transistor is adapted to turn the first transistor off in the event of an interruption in the voltage supply.

Abstract: A system for and method of providing overload protection for an active material actuator, includes a magnetically functioning mechanism comprising, for example, one or more permanent or electromagnets, and/or magnetorheological fluid, and configured to produce a holding force less than the capacity of the actuator, and more preferably, a modifiable holding force responsive to load influencing conditions.

Abstract: A protection system for high voltage direct current, HVDC, transmission lines is provided. The protection system includes a direct current, DC, bus, a device configured to connect an HVDC transmission line to the bus, at least one DC circuit breaker arranged for disconnecting the transmission line from the bus upon reception of a trip signal, current and voltage sensors, an inductor arranged such that the current through the transmission line passes the inductor, and a fault detection unit. The fault detection unit is arranged for assessing, on the basis of current and/or voltage measurements, whether a fault exists on the transmission line, and sending, if a fault is detected on the transmission line, a trip signal to the circuit breaker. The additional inductance limits the rise in fault current and facilitates a selective fault detection. Further, a method of fault protection for an HVDC transmission line is provided.

Abstract: There is provided an electrostatic roller apparatus comprising a body including: a first body portion and a second body portion; the first body portion including an electrostatic generating sub-assembly; a roller applicator and a support structure, the support structure having a first end and a second end, the first end being configured to rotatably mount the roller applicator thereupon and the second end being configured to be coupled with the second body portion.

Abstract: A static electricity removing apparatus for removing static electricity of a charged object comprises a discharge electrode which generates an ionized air having a polarity opposite to that of the object by discharge, an auxiliary electrode which is provided with openings for the ionized air generated by the discharge electrode to pass through, and an electric field forming means which forms an electric field in a space between the auxiliary electrode and the object. The electric field forming means generates the electric field between the auxiliary electrode and the object by allowing a potential having a polarity opposite to that of the object to occur in the auxiliary electrode at the start of the static electricity removal and decreases the electric field between the auxiliary electrode and the object when an absolute value of the potential of the object is equal to or less than a predetermined value.

Abstract: Provided is a bipolar electrostatic chuck, which has excellent substrate attracting/holding performance when a voltage is applied, and excellent residual charges reducing performance when voltage application is stopped. The bipolar electrostatic chuck includes at least an electrode layer including a first electrode and a second electrode, and an upper insulating layer which forms a substrate attracting surface for attracting a substrate. In a case where a surface of the electrode layer is regarded to be divided into a plurality of virtual cells having a predetermined width (L) in an x direction and a y direction, first electrode sections forming the first electrode and second electrode sections forming the second electrode are alternately arranged in the plurality of virtual cells in the x direction, and are alternately arranged in the plurality of virtual cells in the y direction.

Abstract: A surge suppressor device includes a first housing defining a first cavity, input and output conductors disposed in the first cavity of the first housing, a capacitor connected in series with the input conductor and the output conductor, a first spiral inductor having an inner edge connected to the input conductor and an outer edge and a second spiral inductor having an inner edge connected to the output conductor and an outer edge. The surge suppressor device further includes a second housing defining a second cavity and connected to the first housing, a feed-through connecting the first cavity to the second cavity, a non-linear protection device positioned in the second cavity of the second housing and a first electrical wire passing through the feed-through and connecting the outer edge of the first spiral inductor to the non-linear protection device.

Abstract: An object of the present invention is to provide an ionizer having a cleaning system for cleaning an electrode needle of the ionizer automatically or remotely, while also being compact in size. The cleaning system (6) has a rotating member (61) configured to coaxially rotate with the fan (3), a plurality of rods (62a to 62d) attached to the rotating member (61) such that each rod extends radially from the rotating member, and brushes (63a to 63d) each attached to the end of each rod. The rotating member (61) is driven by an electromagnetic solenoid (64) via a coupling means (66).

Abstract: In one embodiment, a system for providing short circuit protection is disclosed. The system has a supply circuit and a series switch. The supply circuit has a supply input and a supply output, and is configured to deliver an output current at the supply output, and to disable the supply output if the output current exceeds a first current limit. The series switch coupled between the supply output of the supply circuit and a supply node, and the supply node is configured to be coupled to a load.