Abstract: In making measurements of the potential of a structure immersed in an electrolyte, which structure is being protected from corrosion by a cathodic or anodic protection system, serious errors are often introduced by the IR drop component induced by current flowing between the cathode and anode of the protection system on a reference cell which is used for measurement. To overcome this, a system is provided of the type including means for applying a rectified alternating current voltage between the structure and an electrode which is immersed in the electrolyte and spaced apart from the structure. A direct current reference source is coupled to the structure. A reference cell is located in the electrolyte and spaced apart from the structure.

Abstract: A unitary frame and membrane assembly particularly useful in a filter press electrolytic cell arrangement is provided by the present invention. The assembly comprises a rigid, peripheral frame member having separable peripheral frame portions. A permselective membrane member is positioned between the separable peripheral frame portions, and the membrane member and frame portions are secured together to form a unitary frame and membrane assembly. The present assembly is adapted for use as the barrier component in electrolytic cells which utilize a separatory membrane barrier between the cell electrodes.

Abstract: An alloy for use as a substrate of an electrode for use in electrolysis, the alloy comprising(1) titanium and(2) 0.05 to 10% by weight of (a) tantalum and (b) niobium, zirconium or mixtures thereof, where the tantalum is present in an amount of 0.01 to 9.99% by weight, with each % by weight being based on the weight of the alloy. The alloy can additionally contain(3) 0.001 to 1.5% by weight of at least one platinum-group metal selected from the group consisting of platinum, iridium, rhodium, ruthenium, palladium and osmium, with the % by weight being based on the weight of the alloy. The alloy of this invention is an excellent material to prepare a corrosion-resistant electrode substrate.

Abstract: A monopolar filter press electrolytic cell suitable for use in the electrolysis of an aqueous alkali metal halide brine to produce (cell liquor, halogen and hydrogen, the cell comprising a plurality of flexible anode plates and flexible cathode plates and a cation perm-selective membrane positioned between each adjacent anode plate and cathode plate, and comprising a non-conducting flexible spacing plate positioned between each anode plate and adjacent membrane and between each cathode plate and adjacent membrane, the anode plates, cathode plates and spacing plates each having openings which define four separate compartments lengthwise of the cell and which provide respectively an inlet for brine, an inlet for water or alkaline water, an outlet for brine and halogen and an outlet for cell liquor and hydrogen the spacing plates being provided with passages which connect the compartments providing an inlet for brine and an outlet for brine and halogen with the anolyte compartments and which connect the compartm

Abstract: It is possible to electrophoretically coat cathode shafts with an emissive layer having excellent mechanical properties by means of a device which comprises an electrophoresis bath and a jig which can be dipped therein and in which cathode shafts can be placed, which jig is composed of a plate of insulation material which is provided on the two surfaces with a first and a second electrically conductive layer, said jig having a large number of apertures in each of which a cathode shaft can be provided in a fitting manner such that each cathode shaft electrically contacts the first electrically conductive layer, and the plate is such a thickness that the side of the shaft to be coated is located at a distance from the second conductive layer, which distance is small in relation to the thickness of the jig, which jig is provided at least with a sealing non-electrically conductive layer on the side of the first conductive layer.

Abstract: An improved method and apparatus for adjusting the space between an adjustable anode and a cathode in an electrolytic cell wherein current measurements and voltage measurements are obtained for conductors to the anode sets and compared with predetermined standards for the same conductors and anode sets. Measurement of deviation from the predetermined standards are used to determine the direction of anode adjustment. A digital computer operably connected to motor drive means adapted to raise or lower anode sets upon appropriate electric signals from the computer is a preferred embodiment of this invention.

Abstract: Disclosed is a system of current-supply buses for aluminum-producing electrolyzers arranged transversely in a row and spaced from each other. The system comprises cathode stacks, anode risers installed in the spaces provided between the electrolyzers, and anode buses for supplying current from the anode risers to electrolyzer anode systems shaped as parallelograms. At least two of the anode risers of each electrolyzer are arranged past the planes passing through the end edges or borders of the anode systems. The proportion of the anode risers so arranged is determined such as to ensure the symmetric distribution of the magnetic field intensity components.

Abstract: An electrode tool for the electrochemical machining of metal components, such as the cavities of internal combustion engine valves, is adapted for mounting on a machine tool mandrel and comprises a shaft upon which a flexible, elongate electrode is axially slidable, and which defines axially a conduit for conveying electrolytic fluid to the workpiece. The working end of the tool is constituted by a releasable electrode guide head which defines a part-circularly-curved electrode guide passage and the end portions of the conduit. The guide passage guides the axial sliding of the electrode so that an end portion of the latter projects radially relative to the axis of the tool by an angle determined by the radius of curvature of the passage. The guide head is interchangeable with at least one other guide head having a passage with a different radius of curvature.

Abstract: Disclosed is an electrolytic cell having a rectangular first tank with a floor and sidewalls, and electrodes extending upwardly therefrom, and being open at at least one end to carry a tank for the electrodes of opposite polarity. The second tank has vertical hollow electrodes extending outwardly therefrom into the first tank, and interleaved between the electrodes extending upwardly from the floor of the first tank. The electrolytic cell is further characterized by the individual hollow electrodes being individually adjustable and removable and bearing an individual permionic membrane thereon.

Abstract: An electrolytic chlorine generator employing a porous ceramic diaphragm for separating strong caustic solutions existing on one side of a cylindrical diaphragm from weak acidic solutions on the other side thereof without deterioration and wherein the anode and cathodes are rings placed concentrically with the diaphragm and in close proximity to it.

Abstract: An electrolytic generator is disclosed for use in treating water in swimming pools, baths, reservoirs, sewage, etc., and in bleaching chemical pulp. The generator is of the type consisting of two sealed compartments separated by an ion-permeable membrane and having a cathode in one compartment and an an anode in the other. Hydrogen is evolved from the cathode compartment and a chlorine/chlorine dioxide mixture from the anode compartment. In this generator, an electrically neutral or bipolar electrode (one not connected in the anode-cathode circuit) is positioned adjacent to the anode or between the anode and the cathode adjacent to the ion-permeable membrane in the anode compartment. This electrolytic generator is characterized by a more rapid start up and generates a mixture of chlorine and chlorine dioxide at both the anode and the neutral electrode.

Abstract: Device or apparatus for electrolyzing natural and synthetic brines for producing hypochlorite includes an improved chassis structure supporting and cooperating with electrode plates to form a series of electrolytic cells which are easily assembled into a cylindrical casing member to form an electrolyzer. The invention and/or apparatus is characterized by (a) rapid gas removal; (b) improved electrode plate configuration through which the electrolyte is caused to flow in a vigorous and turbulent manner to eliminate fouling of electrode arrays by precipitates and scales formed during electrolysis of natural brines; (c) novel dilution water distribution means for synthetic brine electrolysis; and (d) a series-parallel electrical conductor arrangement which is electrically balanced against changes in electrolyte temperature and salinity; all of which result in a highly efficient, economical, energy-saving, rugged, modular-type device.

Abstract: The new conductor facility for electrodes, in particular for electrodes immersed in corrosive molten salts, features the following components:(a) A graphite pipe or tube which is open at both ends, fits tightly into a recess in the electrode and passes through the furnace or cell wall or roof.(b) A metallic electrical conductor, which is positioned inside the graphite pipe and can be pushed forward inside it, is made of a metal with a melting point lower than the temperature of the molten salt charge and makes contact with the electrode in the liquid state at the operating temperature of the furnace or cell.(c) A protective pipe, which surrounds the graphite pipe and is made of a dense, electrically insulating ceramic material, has one end tightly embedded in the electrode and the other end passing through the wall or roof, and is stable under the operating conditions of the furnace or cell.

Abstract: Disclosed is a monopolar membrane cell in which identical anode and cathode pans are stamped from bimetallic laminate material in which an electrolyte resistant material is utilized on the inside of the electrolytic cell and a highly conductive metal is utilized on the outside thereof. This design results in a substantial lowering of the voltage drop due to resistance through the anode and cathode pans of membrane cells.

Abstract: A wettable cathode for an electrolytic cell for the electrolysis of a molten charge, in particular for the production of aluminum, where the said cathode comprises individual, exchangeable elements each with a component part for the supply of electrical power. The elements are connected electrically, via a supporting element, by molten metal which has separated out in the process. The interpolar distance between the anodes and the vertically movable cathode elements is at most 2 cm.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of an alkali metal hydroxide and halogen from an alkali metal halide in a plurality of electrolytic cells, wherein each electrolytic cell is physically arranged in series with respect to the other electrolytic cells, the series having a first electrolytic cell and a last electrolytic cell, so that for a selected cell in the series, after the first electrolytic cell, catholyte alkali metal hydroxide from the catholyte chamber of a previous electrolytic cell is conveyed to the catholyte chamber of the selected electrolytic cell. The concentration of the alkali metal hydroxide is progressively increased toward a desired final concentration in the last cell through the series of electrolytic cells. Each electrolytic cell has an anolyte chamber containing an anode and a catholyte chamber containing a cathode, separated by a permselective membrane.

Abstract: A drum for copper foil production by an electrodeposition method is composed of an inner support cylinder formed of a copper alloy material having both high electrical conductivity and good elastic properties, and an outer cylinder formed of titanium, zirconium or tantalum having good stripping characteristics which has been shrunk fit to the support cylinder. The support cylinder is provided with spaced raised portions. The alloy used to form the support cylinder is also chosen to have a substantially higher coefficient of expansion than titanium, zirconium, or tantalum.As a result of this shrink fitting process, the cylinder of titanium, zirconium or tantalum is biased into intimate contact with the raised portions only of the inner support cylinder. This effectively increases the pressure as, by reducing the interface area, the force per unit area increases.

Abstract: An apparatus for the electrochemical development of damage tracks in dielectric transparent material sheets comprises a first elongated prismatic vessel within which an axial cavity is provided extending over most of the prism length and communicating with a circular transverse cavity which extends from an opening on one face of the prism thereinto for less than one half of the prism thickness; said longitudinal and transverse cavities being so dimensioned that when enough liquid is supplied thereinto for abundantly flooding the transverse cavity with the vessel upright and the transverse cavity lowermost, the same liquid will not reach the bottom of the transverse cavity when the vessel is set horizontally with the transverse cavity opening up.

Abstract: The invention is applicable to the griding with current-conducting abrasive tools of works of current-conducting churlish materials, such as hard, magnetic and refractory alloys, and to cutter sharpening.The method according to the invention consists in applying voltage pulses to a tool and a work placed in a liquid medium with a conductance of 10.sup.-4 to 2.multidot.10.sup.-2 ohm.sup.-1 .multidot.cm.sup.-1.The process of grinding the work and electric-erosion cleaning the tool is carried out at a pulse duration of 0.5 to 10 msec, pulse repetition frequency of 10 to 500 Hz, and amplitudie of pulses ranging from a minimum of 3 V to a maximum which is below a level required for a breakdown of the liquid medium between the tool and the work.Alternatively, simultaneously with machining the work the electric-erosion truing of the tool is performed with the use of a tool truing electrode.The tool truing electrode and the work are connected to the same pole of a power source.

Abstract: The treater employs a pair of closely spaced, superimposed circular electrode plates, and the liquid to be treated is passed through the limited area between such plates in a pressurized sheet such that the liquid tends to clean the electrodes at the same time as it receives treatment thereby. An annular groove adjacent the discharge periphery of the lower plate has the effect of causing the discharging sheet to assume an umbrella-like configuration to promote aeration of the discharging liquid. If desired, the plates may be associated with a receptacle in such a way that the umbrella-like discharging sheet engages the walls of the receptacle at one electrical polarity while at least one of the electrode plates is of the opposite electrical polarity so as to promote effective treatment. On the other hand, if desired, the plates may be submerged within such a receptacle adjacent the sludge collecting at the bottom thereof.