Abstract: A Ge-on-Si photodetector constructed without doping or contacting Germanium by metal is described. Despite the simplified fabrication process, the device has responsivity of 1.24 A/W, corresponding to 99.2% quantum efficiency. Dark current is 40 nA at ?4 V reverse bias. 3-dB bandwidth is 30 GHz.

Abstract: In one embodiment of the invention, a method for irradiating a target is disclosed. A proton beam is generated using a cyclotron. A first information is provided to an energy selection system. An energy level for the protons is selected using an energy selection system based on the first information. The first information comprises a depth of said target. The proton beam is routed from the cyclotron through a beam transfer line to a scanning system. A second information is provided to the scanning system. The second information comprises a pair of transversal coordinates. The proton beam is guided to a location on the target determined by the second information using a magnet structure. The target is irradiated with the protons.

Abstract: Techniques, systems, and devices are disclosed for analyzing a point of closest approach (PoCA) image of a volume of interest (VOI) comprising a set of recorded PoCA points from charged particle detector measurements to detect an object within the VOI. The VOI is partitioned into a set of equally-sized bins with each bin including a subset of the PoCA points. A bin metric is determined for each bin. A subset of the bins is selected based on the detected bin metric with the subset of bins being most likely to contain objects. A potential object for each selected bin is determined by determining a location and a size for the potential object based at least on the PoCAs inside the bin. A figure of merit (FOM) of the potential object is determined as a measure of the likelihood that the potential object is truly a threat object.

Abstract: A method and system of monitoring for scale compounds that include scale co-contributors of cations and anions. A scale compound can be monitored by measuring gamma ray counts of scale contributors using a spectral gamma ray detector. A scale compound can be identified by identifying an increase in scale co-contributors over time from the gamma ray counts.

Abstract: An apparatus includes a controller and a power supply circuit. The controller performs first control for resetting a plurality of sensors before start of radiation irradiation, second control to accumulate charges in the plurality of sensors after the start of the radiation irradiation, and third control to output the signal read out from the plurality of sensors after the second control.

Abstract: A method for cement evaluation may include generating a gamma ray, from a radioactive source, into cement disposed between a casing and a geological formation. Photons reflected from the geological formation and the cement are detected on a gamma detector having a collimator. A detector-to-source distance, a collimator angle, and/or a collimator diameter are set to provide an energy spectra independent of the geological formation. The quality of the cement may be determined based on the energy spectra of the detected photons.

Abstract: Provided are an imaging method and device for imaging using far infrared light that make it possible to quickly image a subject without producing damage or a non-linear phenomenon in the subject. A variable-frequency coherent light source is used, illumination light from the light source is irradiated onto a linear area on an imaging subject, transmitted or reflected light is used to form an image of the imaging subject, a non-linear optical crystal is used for wavelength conversion, and a one-dimensional or two-dimensional array sensor is used to image the imaging subject while the imaging subject is moved in at least one direction.

Abstract: Disclosed in one general aspect is a particle interaction characterization instrument that comprises a flow cell for a liquid sample that includes suspended particles and a light source positioned to illuminate the suspended particles in the liquid sample fluid in the sample vessel. A first scattering detector is positioned to receive light from the light source that has been scattered by the particles suspended in sample fluid in the sample vessel at at least one predetermined scattering angle. An ultraviolet transmittance detector is positioned to receive a portion of the light from the source that passes through the suspended particles without being absorbed or scattered. Interaction analysis logic is responsive to both the scattering detector and the ultraviolet detector, and is operative to derive at least one interaction property for the suspended particles.

Abstract: Phantom for verifying the calibration of PET scanners, comprising a substantially cylindrical body having a cross section with a convex curvilinear profile, and a plurality of spheres placed within said body, comprising a solid matrix of germanium-68, the phantom being characterized in that it further comprises a reference sphere filled with a solid matrix of germanium-68, said reference sphere being connected to the phantom in such a way that it can be removed and replaced in the same position.

Abstract: The method and apparatus as shown in the present invention is to measure the absorption of light by material contained in a liquid. A transmitted signal is sent through a measurement window to a measurement chamber to a target point just inside the measurement window. The reflected signal indicates the amount of light absorbed by a material in the measurement chamber which allows for the amount of materials in a liquid to be determined. Adjustments are made through an optical block and a light control molecule to correct for variations in light intensity.

Abstract: A photoelectric switch, including: a base, an infrared tube, a keycap, a balance frame, a resetting mechanism, and a light-blocking member. The light-blocking member is configured to change the propagation direction of light emitted from the infrared tube to allow or block the light propagation in the infrared tube. The infrared tube is disposed on the base. The infrared tube includes a light-emitting end and a light-receiving end. The infrared tube, the balance frame, and the resetting mechanism are disposed beneath and covered by the keycap. In operation, upon being pressed by an external force, the balance frame leads the keycap to move downwards smoothly; the light-blocking member moves upwards or downwards along with the motion of the keycap and the balance frame or the resetting mechanism. The resetting mechanism is configured to reset the keycap or the balance frame.

Abstract: Systems and methods for high voltage conversion and multiplication for ionizing radiation detection are disclosed. According to an aspect, an electronic device comprises at least one detector configured for detecting ionizing radiation. Further, the electronic device comprises a translator assembly coupled to the at least one detector and configured to convert a voltage from a first voltage level to a second voltage level, wherein the at least one detector operates at the first voltage level. Further, the translator assembly is configured to voltage isolate the at least one detector operating at the first voltage level from a coupled electronic circuit operating at the second voltage level.

Abstract: A bolometer circuit may include an active bolometer configured to receive external infrared (IR) radiation and a resistive load, which are configured to be connected in series in a bolometer conduction path from a supply voltage node to a common voltage node. A node in the bolometer conduction path between the resistive load and the active bolometer is coupled to a first input of an op-amp. A variable voltage source is coupled to a second input of the op-amp to provide a reference voltage level. The op-amp maintains the reference voltage level at the first input to generate a current flow in response to a resistance change of the active bolometer due to the external IR radiation. The amplifier circuit may be configured as a feedback amplifier or an integrating amplifier. The bolometer circuit may be configured to enable a low-power mode of operation.

Abstract: A probe system is configured to receive thermal images of the probe system from a thermal imager and includes a heater and a control circuit. The heater includes a resistive heating element routed through the probe. An operational voltage is provided to the resistive heating element to provide heating for the probe. The control circuit is configured to provide the operational voltage and receive the thermal images from the thermal imager. The control circuit is further configured to monitor the thermal images over time and determine a remaining useful life of the probe system based upon the thermal images over time.

Abstract: The various embodiments described herein include methods, devices, and systems for fabricating and operating niobium-germanium-based superconducting devices. In one aspect, a device includes a superconducting nanowire composed of niobium-germanium, a protective layer configured to inhibit oxidation of the superconducting nanowire, and a current source configured to supply a current to the superconducting nanowire. In another aspect, a method of fabrication includes: (1) depositing a layer of niobium-germanium on a substrate; (2) removing one or more portions of the layer of niobium-germanium to define one or more nanowires; and (3) depositing a protective layer over the one or more nanowires, the protective layer adapted to inhibit oxidation of niobium-germanium in the one or more nanowires.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, a radiation detector includes a first conductive layer, a second conductive layer, and an intermediate layer. The intermediate layer is provided between the first conductive layer and the second conductive layer. The intermediate layer includes an organic semiconductor region and a plurality of particles. The organic semiconductor region including a portion provided around the particles. A diameter is not less than 1 nanometer and not more than 20 nanometers for at least a portion of the particles. A first bandgap energy of the plurality of particles is larger than a second bandgap energy of the organic semiconductor region.

Abstract: A system for measuring optical signal detector performance includes an optical signal detector comprising a first detection channel having a first light source and a first sensor. The first detection channel is configured to emit and focus light generated by the first light source at a first detection zone, and to receive and focus light on the first sensor. The system also includes a controller operatively coupled to the optical signal detector and configured to determine an operational performance status of the optical signal detector based on at least one of (i) a first measured characteristic of light focused on the sensor while a first non-fluorescent surface portion is in the first detection zone and (ii) a second measured characteristic of light focused on the sensor while a void is in the first detection zone. The optical signal detector can be a fluorometer.

Abstract: An integrated ultraviolet analyzer is described. The integrated ultraviolet analyzer can include one or more ultraviolet analyzer cells, each of which includes one or more ultraviolet photodetectors and one or more solid state light sources, which are monolithically integrated. The solid state light source can be operated to emit ultraviolet light, at least some of which passes through an analyzer active gap and irradiates a light sensing surface of the ultraviolet photodetector. A medium to be evaluated can be present in the analyzer active gap and affect the ultraviolet light as it passes there through, thereby altering an effect of the ultraviolet light on a ultraviolet photodetector.

Abstract: A beam delivery system may include: beam adjusters configured to adjust a divergence angle of a pulse laser beam; a beam sampler configured to separate a part of the pulse laser beam outputted from a first beam adjuster provided at the most downstream among the beam adjusters to acquire a sample beam; a beam monitor configured to receive the sample beam and output a monitored diameter; and a beam delivery controller configured to control the beam adjusters based on the monitored diameter. The beam delivery controller may adjust each of beam adjusters other than the first beam adjuster selected one after another from the most upstream so that the monitored diameter at the beam monitor becomes a predetermined value specific to the beam adjuster, and adjust the first beam adjuster so that the pulse laser beam becomes focused at a position downstream of a target position.

Abstract: An amplifier for amplification of an electrical signal comprises an electro-optic (EO) medium for receiving the electrical signal, wherein applying the electrical signal to the EO medium causes a change to an effective index of refraction, a device configured for measuring a light phase change for measuring the change to the effective index of refraction, and a photodetector configured to convert the change to the effective index of refraction into an amplified electrical current output signal.