Abstract: An electrochemical cell includes a housing having an inlet, an outlet, and a central axis and an anode-cathode pair disposed concentrically within the housing about the central axis and defining an active area between an anode and a cathode of the anode-cathode pair. An active surface area of at least one of the anode and the cathode has a surface area greater than a surface area of an internal surface of the housing. The anode-cathode pair is configured and arranged to direct all fluid passing through the electrochemical cell axially through the active area.

Abstract: An electrochlorination apparatus is provided for generating a sodium hypochlorite solution. The apparatus includes an electrolytic cell and a brine tank that is located above the electrolytic cell. The brine tank is adapted to supply a predetermined volume of a saturated brine solution to the cell via a gravity feed. A flow meter is provided for connection to a water supply and adapted to supply water to the electrolytic cell via a valve. A controller controls operation of the valve whereby a predetermined volume of water as measured by the flow meter is also supplied to the cell in combination with the brine solution so that the cell operates to produce a sodium hypochlorite solution of a predetermined concentration.

Abstract: The invention relates to a combined electrolytic system for precipitating different types of metals (copper, zinc, nickel, cadmium, cobalt, silver, gold) and regenerating reagents for the leaching of metal sulphurs from solutions from leaching in a sulphuric-oxidising or hydrochloric-oxidising environment, including a process that permits the combining of the current reduction processes followed by oxidising processes which are complex and potentially dangerous from an environmental point of view, thereby preventing the risky transportation of dangerous substances, loading and unloading operations, storage and manipulation of toxic materials, and reducing the environmentally contaminating waste, producing a commercial-quality cathodic product and a solution that is re-used in the leaching process.

Abstract: Multipurpose electrolytic device (EMPD) for forced or spontaneous electrolytic processes, which incorporates selective and unidirectional ion exchange membranes in order to separate between two or more compartments and allow electrical conductivity therebetween, with independent electrolytes for controlled electrolytic ion transformation, regardless of the chemical composition of the electrolyte containing the element of interest, with high faradaic efficiency and high energy performance. The invention also relates to a method. The device can be used for processes such as metal electrowinning (EW), metal electrorefining, electrooxidation (EOXI) and electroreduction (ERED) of ionic species. The device uses two independent, energetically suitable electrolytes, which allow controlled electrolytic ion transformation, with high faradaic efficiency and high energy performance, unlike current forced electrolysis methods, which operate with a common electrolyte.

Abstract: The invention relates to nonferrous metallurgy and may be suitable for controlling the feed of alumina to electrolytic cells for producing aluminum to maintain the alumina concentration in the electrolytic melt equal or close to the saturation value. To maintain the alumina concentration within the set range, reduced voltage U or pseudo-resistance R is measured and recorded at fixed time intervals. Underfeeding or overfeeding phases occur compared to a theoretical alumina feeding rate during electrolysis, wherein the duration of underfeeding phases is based on the alumina concentration in the electrolytic melt, and the duration of overfeeding phases is based on the change of one or more electrolytic cell parameters being recorded: reduced voltage, U, pseudo-resistance, R, rates of reduced voltage, dU/dt, pseudo-resistance, dR/dt, change. Adjustments to the anode-cathode distance to maintain the electrolytic cell energy balance may be performed during any of the feeding phases.

Abstract: The present invention provides a gas generator, comprising a water tank and an electrolysis device. The water tank has a first hollow portion for containing electrolyzed water. The electrolysis device is disposed inside the first hollow portion of the water tank for electrolyzing the electrolyzed water to generate a hydrogen-oxygen mixed gas. When the electrolysis device starts to electrolyze the electrolyzed water, the first hollow portion of the water tank is filled with the electrolyzed water for standing at a full level of water. And after the electrolysis device electrolyzed the electrolyzed water, the level of water for the electrolyzed water filled into the first hollow portion of the water tank is higher than 95% of the full level of water. The gas generator of the present invention provides the design for saving space and nearly a zero gas chamber to reduce the possibility of explosions resulting from hydrogen-oxygen mixed gas.

Abstract: An improved, gaseous electrolysis apparatus can include a cooled header for electric connections or couplings, an exemplary co-disposed, coaxial heat exchanger around the reaction chamber to extract heat from the reaction chamber and exemplary rugged gas source and collection manifold(s) to support fixed and/or mobile applications in an embodiment. The system can include a heated anode and co-disposed cylindrical cathode within the reaction chamber and an improved electronic control circuit in an embodiment.

Abstract: An apparatus for stereo-electrochemical deposition of metal layers consisting of an array of anodes, a cathode, a positioning system, a fluid handling system for an electrolytic solution, communications circuitry, control circuitry and software control. The anodes are electrically operated to promote deposition of metal layers in any combination on the cathode to fabricate a structure.

Abstract: Electrochemical cells and methods are described that can be utilized for the recovery of tritium directly from a molten lithium metal solution without the need for a separation or concentration step prior to the electrolytic recovery process. The methods and systems utilize an ion conducting electrolyte that conducts either lithium ion or tritide ion across the electrochemical cell.

Abstract: An electrochemical reaction device comprises: an electrolytic solution tank including a first region, a second region, and a path; a reduction electrode disposed in the first region; an oxidation electrode disposed in the second region; and a power source connected to the reduction electrode and oxidation electrode; and a plurality of ion exchange membranes separating the first region and the second region.

Abstract: The present invention provides an additive for high-purity copper electrolytic refining, a method of producing high-purity copper, and a high-purity electrolytic copper. This additive of the present invention for high-purity copper electrolytic refining can be added to a copper electrolyte in copper electrolytic refining. The additive includes a silver and chlorine reducing agent of electrolytic copper which is formed of tetrazoles which is one of a tetrazole and a tetrazole derivative.

Abstract: In one embodiment, an electrolytic cell for the production of aluminum from alumina includes: at least one anode module having a plurality of anodes; at least one cathode module, opposing the anode module, wherein the at least one cathode module comprises a plurality of cathodes, wherein the plurality of anodes are suspended above the cathode module and extending downwards towards the cathode module, wherein the plurality of cathodes are positioned extending upwards towards the anode module, wherein each of the plurality of anodes and each of the plurality of cathodes are alternatingly positioned, wherein the plurality of anodes is selectively positionable in a horizontal direction relative to adjacent cathodes, wherein the anode module is selectively positionable in a vertical direction relative to the cathode module, and wherein a portion of each of the anode electrodes overlap a portion of adjacent cathodes.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an apparatus for generating electrolyzed water, which generates hydrogen water comprising hydrogen molecules in a high concentration. Two sheets of porous cathode plates each provided on the surface thereof with an ion-exchange membrane are provided across an anode plate so as for the ion-exchange membranes to face the anode plate and so as to form a space allowing water to flow therethrough, between the anode plate and each of the ion-exchange membranes, and thus four electrolysis chambers are formed.

Abstract: A cermet material includes as mass percentages, at least: 50% to 90% of a metallic phase containing an alloy of copper (Cu) and nickel (Ni), and 10% to 50% of an oxide phase containing at least iron, nickel and oxygen with the following proportion by mass of Ni: 0.2%?Ni?17%. An electrode, preferably an anode, may include this cermet material.

Abstract: An electrochemical reactor includes positive and negative electrodes. A conductive and/or dielectric liquid is provided between the positive and negative electrodes. A first isolation member provided on the positive electrode isolates the positive electrode from the liquid, and a second isolation member provided on the negative electrode isolates the negative electrode from the liquid. The first and second isolation member each includes a liquid-repellent porous membrane. The reactor further includes a pressure-applying member which pressurizes the liquid to fill the pores of the first and second liquid-repellent porous membranes with the liquid, thereby causing an electrochemical reaction involving the positive and negative electrodes.

Abstract: A cathode catalyst used for conversion of a carbon dioxide gas by an electrochemical reduction includes at least one first catalyst layer and at least one second catalyst layer disposed on a surface of the at least one first catalyst layer. The at least one second catalyst layer is a porous structure. The at least one first catalyst layer and the at least one second catalyst layer are physically combined with each other, and materials of the at least one first catalyst layer and the at least one second catalyst layer are different. A cathode material and a reactor include the cathode catalyst are also provided.

Abstract: A method of preparing a high capacity nanocomposite cathode of FeF3 in carbon pores may include preparing a nanoporous carbon precursor, employing electrochemistry or solution chemistry deposition to deposit Fe particles in the carbon pores, reacting nano Fe with liquid hydrofluoric acid to form nano FeF3 in carbon, and milling to achieve a desired particle size.

Abstract: A method of recovering metals from electronic waste comprises providing a powder comprising electronic waste in at least a first reactor and a second reactor and providing an electrolyte comprising at least ferric ions in an electrochemical cell in fluid communication with the first reactor and the second reactor. The method further includes contacting the powders within the first reactor and the second reactor with the electrolyte to dissolve at least one base metal from each reactor into the electrolyte and reduce at least some of the ferric ions to ferrous ions. The ferrous ions are oxidized at an anode of the electrochemical cell to regenerate the ferric ions. The powder within the second reactor comprises a higher weight percent of the at least one base metal than the powder in the first reactor. Additional methods of recovering metals from electronic waste are also described, as well as an apparatus of recovering metals from electronic waste.

Abstract: A photoelectrochemical reaction device of an embodiment includes: a first stack including a first electrode, a second electrode, and a photovoltaic layer provided therebetween; a second stack including a third electrode electrically connected to the first electrode, a fourth electrode electrically connected to the second electrode, and an ion migration layer provided therebetween; and an electrolytic solution tank storing a first electrolytic solution in which the third electrode is immersed and a second electrolytic solution in which the fourth electrode is immersed. One of the third and fourth electrodes causes an oxidation reaction, and the other of the third and fourth electrodes causes a reduction reaction. The third and fourth electrodes have ion permeability. An area of the second stack is larger than that of the first stack.

Abstract: This disclosure provides systems, methods, and apparatus related to a hybrid photo-electrochemical and photo-voltaic cell. In one aspect, device includes a substrate comprising a semiconductor, a transparent conductor disposed on the second surface of the substrate, a photoanode disposed on the transparent conductor, an electrolyte in electrical communication with the photoanode, and an electrode in contact with the electrolyte. The substrate is doped with a first n-type dopant. A first area of a first surface of the substrate is heavily doped with a first p-type dopant. A second area of the first surface of the substrate is heavily doped with a second n-type dopant. The second surface of the substrate is heavily doped with a second p-type dopant. The electrode is in electrical contact with the second area. The first area is in electrical contact with the second area through an electrical load.