Abstract: Cyclohexenyl and alkenyl aromatic compounds, such as cyclohexene and styrene, are prepared by a process comprising contacting a corresponding cyclohexyl or alkyl aromatic carboxylic acid, such as cyclohexyl carboxylic acid or 2-phenyl propionic acid, with a decarboxylation catalyst of the formulaM.sub.a M'.sub.b O.sub.xwherem is copper or a combination of copper and molybdenum, andM' is at least one promoter element, such as a Group IA element.

Abstract: Oil shale mineral solids are separated from a fluid in a process comprising heating the mineral solids to at least the magnetic transformation temperature of a portion of the solids and thereafter magnetically separating mineral solids from the feed. High gradient magnetic separation techniques are preferred.

Abstract: A process for recovering bitumen from oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions is disclosed wherein water soluble demulsifiers are used. These demulsifiers are polymers of diquaternary ammonium monomers containing hydroxyl groups. To resolve the bituminous petroleum emulsions, the process is carried out between 25.degree. and 160.degree. C. wherein the demulsifier of the invention is contacted with the bituminous emulsion.

Abstract: A process for recovering bitumen from oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions is disclosed wherein water soluble demulsifiers are used. These demulsifiers are polyureas of average molecular weight greater than about 5,000 prepared by the reaction between a polyisocyanate and a polyoxyalkylenediamine. To resolve the bituminous petroleum emulsions, the process is carried out between 25.degree. and 160.degree. C. wherein the demulsifier of the invention is contacted with the bituminous emulsion.

Abstract: A process for recovering bitumen from oil-in-water (o/w) emulsions is disclosed wherein water soluble demulsifiers are used. These demulsifiers are branched water-soluble quaternary ammonium-containing polymers. To resolve the bituminous petroleum emulsions, the process is carried out between 25.degree. and 160.degree. C. wherein the demulsifier of the invention is contacted with the bituminous emulsion.

Abstract: A solvent system composed essentially of sulfolane and a ketone, e.g., sulfolane and methyl ethyl ketone is employed in a liquid-liquid extraction operation to separate a low boiling olefin, e.g., pentene-2, hexene-1, octene-1, etc., from a corresponding close boiling paraffin, e.g., n-pentane, n-hexane, and n-octane, respectively, and wherein solvent is recovered by employing a portion thereof in a drying or stripping column.

Abstract: Removal of hydroxy-substituted and/or mercapto-substituted-hydrocarbons from coal liquids which comprises contacting the coal liquids with an aqueous composition containing an alkanolamine, thereby providing a two-phase mixture, and then separating the mixture into an aqueous extract phase and a naphtha rich raffinate phase.

Abstract: A process for recovering bitumen from oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions is disclosed wherein water soluble demulsifiers are used. These demulsifiers are cationic polymers of equal to or greater than about 2,000 molecular weight obtained by the reaction of polyalkoxydiamines with epihalohydrins. To resolve the bituminous petroleum emulsions, the process is carried out between 25.degree. and 160.degree. C. wherein the demulsifier of the invention is contacted with the bituminous emulsion.

Abstract: A process for recovering bitumen from oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions is disclosed wherein water soluble demulsifiers are used. These demulsifiers are combinations of chemical agents comprising(a) poly(amidoamine) or poly(ester-amine) salts, and(b) polycarbonates.To resolve the bituminous petroleum emulsions, the process is carried out between 25.degree. and 160.degree. C. wherein the demulsifier of the invention is contacted with the bituminous emulsion.

Abstract: A novel process for the purification of used oil comprising removing the ash-forming components, then subjecting the oil to vacuum fractionation. A novel vacuum fractionation column is also disclosed.

Abstract: Mesocarbon microbeads of narrow particle-size distribution are produced by: subjecting a heavy oil to a primary heat treatment at a temperature T.sub.1 to prepare a pitch containing mesophase microspheres; once cooling this pitch to a temperature lower than its softening point; thereafter subjecting the pitch to a secondary heat treatment at a temperature T.sub.2, which is higher than 350.degree. C. and lower than (T.sub.1 -40.degree. C.); cooling the pitch at a cool rate lower than 200.degree. C./hour; separating from the pitch mesophase microspheres which precipitated in the secondary heat-treatment step; and thereafter obtaining by solvent extraction mesophase microspheres of substantially uniform particle size formed in the residual pitch. The mesocarbon beads of narrow particle-size distribution thus obtained are particularly suitable for use as chromatograph packing material, catalyst support, and other uses.

Abstract: This invention provides a method for coprocessing of heavy hydrocarbon oil and coal to achieve demetalation of the oil and liquefaction of the coal.An essential aspect of the process is a two-stage visbreaking system in which the oil and coal are heat-treated respectively at the optimum severity for each, with little formation of coke byproduct.

Abstract: A process for increasing coker distillate yield in a coking process by adding a small amount, generally 0.005-10% by weight of a free radical inhibitor selected from the group consisting of hydroquinone and N-phenyl-2-naphthylamine to the coker feed material.

Abstract: A method is provided for effecting the removal of polychlorinated biphenyls from hydrocarbon oils, such as transformer oil, contaminated with more than 50 ppm of such polychlorinated biphenyls. There is utilized in the contaminated oil, while it is being agitated, dispersed metallic sodium, an aprotic ion-complexing solvent, for example, diglyme, and an oil-soluble electron carrier, such as naphthalene.

Abstract: The fuel economy of an internal combustion engine can be improved by adding to the lubricating oil used to lubricate the crankcase of said engine from 0.25 to 2 weight percent of pentaerythritol mono-oleate.

Abstract: In a solvent refined coal liquefaction process, more effective desulfurization of the high boiling point components is effected by first stripping the solvent-coal reacted slurry of lower boiling point components, particularly including hydrogen sulfide and low molecular weight sulfur compounds, and then reacting the slurry with a solid sulfur getter material, such as iron. The sulfur getter compound, with reacted sulfur included, is then removed with other solids in the slurry.

Abstract: Acid soluble oils recovered from the acid phase from an HF alkylation unit are processed with hydrocarbon phase from the same or a different unit.

Abstract: Liquid hydrocarbons are oxidized in the presence of an inorganic salt promoter.

Abstract: A process for the separation of metaxylene from aromatic C.sub.8 hydrocarbons, particularly from ethylbenzene and paraxylene, wherein a first phase is provided in which the mixture of aromatic hydrocarbons is selectively adsorbed, in vapor phase, into a catalytic bed consisting of zeolite of the Y type, preliminarily exchanged with potassium, and in a second phase a desorption is effected with a suitable solvent. The process, carried out at a temperature of 150.degree. to 200.degree. C. and preferably at atmospherical pressure, permits the recovery of metaxylene, substantially pure and at a concentration much higher than that of the starting mixture.

Abstract: Group VIII metals immobilized on an aminated polysaccharide in a highly dispersed state are active catalysts in the hydrogenation of unsaturated organic materials. Chitin and chitosan are preferred supports, with platinum and palladium among the more active Group VIII metals in hydrogenation.