Abstract: A sphingomyelin analog represented by the following formula wherein R1 is C1-20 alkyl group, R2 is C1-20 alkyl group, aryl group or C1-6 alkyl group substituted by aryl group, and Z is photoaffinity-labeled group, or its optically active compound.

Abstract: The invention relates to methods for prevention of and recovery from a catalyst bed slumping in a gas-agitated multiphase hydrocarbon synthesis reactor, while the reactor is either under non-reactive conditions or under reaction promoting conditions when syngas is converted to products. The reactor contains a catalyst bed comprising catalyst particles and a gas injection zone suitable for injecting a reactor gas feed. A method for preventing bed slumping comprises supplying a supplemental gas to the gas-agitated multiphase reactor to prevent the catalyst bed from slumping due to insufficient reactor gas feed flow. The method may include recycling some or all of the supplemental gas to the reactor. The method may further comprise separating the gas injection zone from the catalyst bed with a porous plate so as to prevent migration of catalyst particles into the gas injection zone and to minimize plugging of gas distributor(s) present in said zone.

Abstract: The invention relates to an integrated process for producing liquid fuels, the process comprising the steps of: a) subjecting syngas with a hydrogen/carbon monoxide ratio between about 0.5 to 2.0 to Fischer-Tropsch reaction conditions in the presence of a first catalyst; b) optionally removing water and/or heavy hydrocarbons from the product stream; and c) subjecting the product from step a) or b) together with syngas of a hydrogen/carbon monoxide ratio higher than that of step a) or hydrogen to Fischer-Tropsch reaction conditions at higher temperatures than during step a) in the presence of a second catalyst, said second catalyst being selected such as to provide a higher activity than said first catalyst; wherein said first catalyst is selected such as to provide low methane selectivity and high olefins and heavy hydrocarbons selectivity. According to the invention, a third synthesis step or additional synthesis steps is added subsequent to the synthesis step c).

Abstract: Process for the preparation of a mixture comprising C5+ linear olefins, which process comprises the steps of (a) reacting carbon monoxide and hydrogen in the presence of an effective amount of Fischer-Tropsch catalyst under Fischer-Tropsch reaction conditions; (b) separating from the hydrocarbon mixture thus prepared at least one hydrocarbon fraction, of which at least 95% by weight consists of hydrocarbons containing 15 carbon atoms or more; (c) contacting this hydrocarbon fraction with hydrogen in the presence of an effective amount of hydrogenation catalyst under hydrogenation conditions; (d) subjecting the hydrogenated hydrocarbon fraction thus obtained to a mild thermal cracking treatment; and (e) separating from the cracked product thus prepared the mixture comprising C5+ linear olefins.

Abstract: A process for a preparation of Compound (V), a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or a solvate thereof, said process comprising the steps represented by the following formula: wherein R1 and R2 are each independently C1–C8 alkyl.

Abstract: A process by which high-quality crystals of methionine in the form of granules or thick plates having high bulk density can be stably produced. The process for production of methionine comprises the step of hydrolyzing 5-(2-methylmercaptoethyl)hydantoin into a metal salt of methionine by the use of at least one metal compound selected from the group consisting of metal hydroxides, metal carbonates, and metal bicarbonates, the step of neutralizing the metal salt of methionine under pressurizing with carbon dioxide to crystallize methionine, the step of separating the resulting mixture into methionine and a filtrate, and the step of recycling the filtrate to the step of hydrolysis of 5-(2-methylmercaptoethyl)-hydantoin, wherein the content of methionine polymers and/or salts thereof in the aqueous solution used in the crystallization step in terms of methionine polymers is adjusted to 8 wt % or below based on the amount of methionine to be formed.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method comprising the step of contacting under hydroaminomethylation conditions, an olefin, an amine, a rhodium-phosphorous ligand, and synthesis gas (syngas). In particular, it has been discovered that, under some circumstances, a neutral rhodium-monodentate phosphite ligand is prescribed. The invention provides a simple way of making, in high yields and regiospecificity, a variety of products, including pharmacologically active products such as ibutilide, terfenadine, and fexofenadine, and derivatives thereof.

Abstract: A method for preparing 2-aminopyridine derivatives, which comprises substituting of fluorine for hydrazine moiety and reducing with hydrogen using 3-substituted-2,5,6-trifluoropyridine as a starting material, provides 2-aminopyridine derivatives having a purity over 98% under a mild reaction condition.

Abstract: Fischer-Tropsch synthesis is performed using a compact catalytic reactor unit (10) defining channels in which is a gas-permeable catalyst structure (16), the channels extending between headers (18). The synthesis occurs in at least two stages, as the reactor unit provides at least two successive channels (14, 14a) for the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis connected by a header, the gas flow velocity through the first channel being sufficiently high that no more than 65% of the carbon monoxide undergoes conversion. The gases are cooled (25) in the header between the two stages, so as to condense water vapor, and then pass through the second channel at a sufficiently high gas flow velocity that no more than 65% of the remaining carbon monoxide undergoes conversion. This lowers the partial pressure of water vapor and so suppresses oxidation of the catalyst.

Abstract: This invention comprises a process for hydrogenation of aldehydes to alcohols using novel homogeneous catalysts. The catalysts are generated in situ under hydrogen and carbon monoxide gases in a suitable solvent, by mixing a rhodium catalyst precursor, such as Rh(CO)2 acetoacetonate and a defined ligand.

Abstract: A reactor system, plant and a process for the production of methanol from synthesis gas is described in which the reactor system comprises: (a) a first reactor adapted to be maintained under methanol synthesis conditions having inlet means for supply of synthesis gas and outlet means for recovery of a first methanol-containing stream, said first reactor being charged with a first volume of a methanol synthesis catalyst through which the synthesis gas flows and on which in use, partial conversion of the synthesis gas to a product gas mixture comprising methanol and un-reacted synthesis gas will occur adiabatically; and (b) a second reactor adapted to be maintained under methanol synthesis conditions having inlet means for supply of the gaseous first methanol-containing stream, outlet means for recovery of a second methanol-containing stream and cooling means, said second reactor being charged with a second volume of a methanol synthesis catalyst through which the gaseous first methanol-containing stream flows

Abstract: The invention relates to an installation and a process for the production of liquid fuels starting from a solid feedstock that contains the organic material in which: a) the solid feedstock is subjected to a gasification stage so as to convert said feedstock into synthesis gas, b) the synthesis gas is subjected to a purification treatment, c) the purified synthesis gas is subjected to a conversion stage that comprises the implementation of a Fischer-Tropsch-type synthesis so as to convert said synthesis gas into a liquid effluent and a gaseous effluent, d) the liquid effluent is fractionated so as to obtain a gaseous fraction, a naphtha fraction, a kerosene fraction and a gas oil fraction, and e) at least a portion of the naphtha fraction is recycled in gasification stage a).

Abstract: The invention is directed to process for performing a chemical reaction in a reaction mixture, which reaction produces water as by-product, wherein the reaction mixture is in contact with a hydroxy sodalite membrane, through which water produced during the reaction is removed from the reaction mixture, to a process for removing water form mixtures thereof.

Abstract: The present invention provides a metallic copper catalyst for use in an ethylene addition reaction to polyfluoroalkyl iodides, a process for efficiently producing a polyfluoroalkylethyl iodide using such a metal copper catalyst in an ethylene addition reaction to a polyfluoroalkyl iodide, and a process for efficiently producing a polyfluoroalkylethyl iodide from a polyfluoroalkyl iodide using the same metallic copper catalyst in a telomerization reaction and a subsequent ethylene addition reaction.

Abstract: It is an object of this invention to provide a method for producing an ester by a transesterification reaction in which the reaction can be stably performed in a short time at a pressure approximately equal to normal pressure. The ester is produced by a transesterification reaction in which a starting material ester and an alcohol are brought into contact with a solid acid catalyst that displays the characteristics of a very strong acid in terms of the absolute value of argon adsorption heat ranging from 15 to 22 kJ/mol. In particular, it is preferable that the starting material ester in a liquid phase and alcohol in a vapor phase be brought into contact with the solid acid catalyst, and that the starting material ester be oil or fat, and the alcohol be methanol or ethanol.

Abstract: In a process for preparing p-dichlorobenzene by nuclear chlorination of benzene and/or chlorobenzene as the starting material with chlorine molecules, chlorination is carried out using aluminum chloride in an amount of 0.1–3 millimols per mol of the starting material and phenothiazines such as 10H-phenothiazine-10-carboxylic acid phenyl ester in an amount of 0.1–0.9 mols per mol of aluminum chloride so as to be a chlorination degree in a range of 1.2–2.5, by which p-dichlorobenzene can be obtained in a high para-selectivity and a short reaction time.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a process for the preparation of dimethylether from hydrocarbons, including tri-reforming a feedstock mixture comprised of hydrocarbons, carbon dioxide and water vapor in the presence of a tri-reforming catalyst, to prepare a syngas, which then undergoes gas-phase direct synthesis into dimethylether in one step in the presence of a hybrid catalyst. According to the process of this invention, three main processes among typical syngas preparation processes are simultaneously performed, and then, the syngas thus obtained is prepared into dimethylether through a direct reaction in one step, thereby decreasing the apparatus cost and operation cost. In addition, all of the carbon dioxide separated and recovered from the unreacted material and by-products may be reused as reaction material, thus decreasing the generation of carbon dioxide and reducing the material cost.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for preparing methyl 2-diphenylmethylsulfinylacetate (MDMSA) comprising the steps of: (i) conversion of benzhydrol into methyldiphenylmethylthioacetate (MDMTA); and (ii) conversion of methyldiphenylmethylthioacetate (MDMTA) into methyl-2-diphenylmethylsulfinylacetate by oxidation, according to the following sequence: benzhydrol?MDMTA?MDMSA.

Abstract: A process and apparatus for producing a synthesis gas for use as a gaseous fuel or as feed into a Fischer-Tropsch reactor to produce a liquid fuel in a substantially self-sustaining process. A slurry of particles of carbonaceous material in water, and hydrogen from an internal source, are fed into a hydro-gasification reactor under conditions whereby methane rich producer gases are generated and fed into a steam pyrolytic reformer under conditions whereby synthesis gas comprising hydrogen and carbon monoxide are generated. A portion of the hydrogen generated by the steam pyrolytic reformer is fed through a hydrogen purification filter into the hydro-gasification reactor, the hydrogen therefrom constituting the hydrogen from an internal source. The remaining synthesis gas generated by the steam pyrolytic reformer is either used as fuel for a gaseous fueled engine to produce electricity and/or process heat or is fed into a Fischer-Tropsch or similar reactor under conditions whereby a liquid fuel is produced.

Abstract: The present invention provides a process for producing 4-(2-methylphenyl)benzotrifluoride, comprising reacting 4-chlorobenzotrifluoride with 2-methylphenylmagnesium chloride in the presence of cobalt-based catalyst and zinc salt.