Abstract: A process for the production of methanol from hydrogen and carbon monoxide includes contacting the hydrogen and carbon monoxide with a liquid in at least one bubble or loop or jet loop reactor. The liquid comprises at least one solvent, an alcohol and/or an amine as a nucleophilic promoter, optionally an additional base and a catalyst, the catalyst comprising a transition metal and at least one Lewis base ligand. At least one device is provided for heat removal from the reactor. Methanol is formed as a product.

Abstract: A method is provided for manufacturing vinyl chloride monomer (VCM), the method comprises subjecting ethylene dichloride (EDC) to thermal cracking to yield a VCM-containing gaseous product, in which method an amount of thermal energy required to heat a stream of EDC-containing process fluid to temperature(s), at which cracking reactions occur, is produced and transferred to said EDC-containing process fluid using a rotary apparatus (100). A VCM production unit and use of the rotary apparatus in production of vinyl chloride monomer from EDC through thermal cracking, are further provided.

Abstract: A reaction system includes a wellbore extending from a surface into a subterranean heat source. The reaction system further includes a reaction chamber configured to be maintained at a reaction temperature using heat from the subterranean heat source. The reaction system further includes one or more inlet conduits. The inlet conduits are configured to provide one or more feed streams to the reaction chamber. The reaction system also includes outlet conduits configured to allow flow of one or more product streams.

Abstract: Disclosed is a preparation system and a preparation method for high-quality xylitol crystals. The preparation system comprises a blending tank, a heat exchanger, a decolorization tank, an ion exchange system, a microporous filter, a first evaporator, a first crystallization kettle, a first centrifuge, a fluidization drying bed, a xylitol dissolution tank, a second evaporator, a second crystallization kettle, a second centrifuge, a hot air drying tank, and a cold air fluidization bed sequentially connected through pipelines. Liquid outlet of the first centrifuge is connected with first inlet of the blending tank. Liquid outlet of the second centrifuge is connected with first inlet of the xylitol dissolution tank. The blending tank is provided with second inlet for receiving xylitol hydrogenation solution. The xylitol dissolution tank is provided with water inlet for pure water. The material output from a product outlet of the cold air fluidization bed is xylitol crystal product.

Abstract: This disclosure relates to processes which involve: contacting a mixture comprising at least one fluoroolefin and at least one impurity with at least one zeolite to reduce the concentration of the at least one impurity in the mixture; and the at least one zeolite is selected from the group consisting of zeolites having pore opening of at least 4 Angstroms and no more than about 5 Angstroms, zeolites having pore opening of at least about 5 Angstroms and Sanderson electronegativity of no more than about 2.6, and mixtures thereof; provided that the at least one zeolite is not zeolite 4A. This disclosure also relates to processes for making at least one hydrotetrafluoropropene product selected from the group consisting of CF3CF?CH2, CF3CH?CHF, and mixtures thereof; and relates to processes for making at least one hydrochlorotrifluoropropene product selected from the group consisting of CF3CCl?CH2, CF3CH?CHCl, and mixtures thereof.

Abstract: A plant, such as a hydrocarbon plant, is provided, which has a syngas stage for syngas generation and a synthesis stage where the syngas is synthesized to produce syngas derived product, such as hydrocarbon product. The plant makes effective use of various streams; in particular CO2 and H2. The plant does not comprise an external feed of hydrocarbons. A method for producing a product stream, such as a hydrocarbon product stream is also provided.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are antibacterial compounds that accumulate in Gram-negative bacteria, methods of preparing the compounds, and methods of using the compounds to inhibit or kill microbes, and methods of treating microbial infections, such as Gram-negative bacterial infections. Compounds selected for conversion to potential Gram-negative antibacterial compounds were identified based on compounds having low globularity and low flexibility. Amine substituents were then strategically added to the selected compounds to provide compounds having antibacterial activity against Gram-negative bacteria.

Abstract: The invention relates to a continuously operating process for producing nitrobenzene, comprising the following steps: a) nitriding benzene in adiabatic conditions with sulfuric acid and nitric acid, using a stoichiometric excess of benzene in relation to the nitric acid; b) first separating a gaseous phase containing benzene and gaseous secondary components from the raw process product of the nitridation in a gas separator provided specifically for this purpose, then separating, in a downstream phase-separating apparatus, the resulting liquid phase, which is depleted in gaseous components and contains nitrobenzene and sulfuric acid, into a sulfuric acid phase and a nitrobenzene phase; and c) processing the nitrobenzene phase, obtaining nitrobenzene. The invention also relates to a production plant suitable for carrying out the claimed process.

Abstract: The present invention relates to catalytically active material, comprising grains of non-graphitizing carbon with iron nanoparticles dispersed therein, wherein dp, the average diameter of iron nanoparticles in the non-graphitizing carbon grains, is in the range of 1 nm to 20 nm, D, the average distance between iron nanoparticles in the non-graphitizing carbon grains, is in the range of 2 nm to 150 nm, and ?, the combined total mass fraction of metal in the non-graphitizing carbon grains, is in the range of 30 wt % to 70 wt % of the total mass of the non-graphitizing carbon grains, and wherein dp, D and ? conform to the following relation: 4.5 dp/?>D?0.25 dp/?. The present invention, further, relates to a process for the manufacture of material according to the invention, as well as its use as a catalyst.

Abstract: Improvements in catalyst systems and associated processes for the conversion of glycolaldehyde to monoethanolamine are disclosed. The catalyst systems exhibit improved selectivity to this desired product and consequently reduced selectivity to byproducts such as diethanolamine and ethylene glycol. These beneficial effects are achieved through the use of acids, and particularly Lewis acids, as co-catalysts of the reductive amination reaction, in conjunction with a hydrogenation catalyst.

Abstract: The present application provides a process of preparing 3,3,3-trifluoroprop-1-ene, comprising reacting 3-chloro-1,1,1-trifluoropropane with a base in an aqueous solvent component in the absence of a phase transfer catalyst.

Abstract: The present invention provides a process for the manufacture of a synthetic fuel comprising gasifying a carbonaceous feedstock comprising waste materials and/or biomass to generate a raw synthesis gas; supplying the raw synthesis gas to a primary clean-up zone to wash particulates and ammonia or HCl out of the raw synthesis gas; contacting the synthesis gas in a secondary clean-up zone with a physical solvent for sulphurous materials; contacting the desulphurised raw synthesis gas in a tertiary clean-up zone with a physical solvent for CO2 effective to absorb CO2; removing at least part of the absorbed CO2 in a solvent regeneration stage to recover CO2 in a form sufficiently pure for sequestration or other use; and supplying the clean synthesis gas to a further reaction train to generate a synthetic fuel.

Abstract: The present invention refers to a crystalline 2-fluoro-3-nitrotoluene compound of formula (I), and a process for the preparation thereof. Furthermore, the present invention relates to a process for the synthesis of a compound of formula (II) or salts thereof by means of the crystalline 2-fluoro-3-nitrotoluene.

Abstract: The invention provides a process for the preparation of 1234yf comprising (a) contacting 1,1,2,3,3,3-hexafluoropropene (1216) with hydrogen in the presence of a hydrogenation catalyst to produce 1,1,2,3,3,3-hexafluoropropane (236ea); (b) dehydrofluorinating 236ea to produce 1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropene (1225ye); (c) contacting 1225ye with hydrogen in the presence of a hydrogenation catalyst to produce 1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropane (245eb); and (d) dehydrofluorinating 245eb to produce 1234yf.

Abstract: A source material gas (31) is supplied to a catalyst (30), a first heating medium (21) is caused to flow through a first heat exchange section (22) so that a temperature of a surface of the first heat exchange section (22) on a catalyst side is maintained higher than a dew point of a reacted gas (32), a second heating medium (51) is caused to flow through a second heat exchange section (52) so that a temperature of a surface of the second heat exchange section (52) on a space (4) side is maintained not higher than the dew point of the reacted gas (32), and a liquid obtained by condensation in the space (4) is allowed to fall down so as to be separated from the source material gas.

Abstract: A method of producing a hydrofluoroolefin includes reacting a chlorofluoroolefin that is represented by Formula (I) or Formula (II) and that has 8 or less carbon atoms with a hydrogen molecule, in the presence of an intermetallic compound containing at least one first metal that is selected from the group consisting of palladium, platinum, rhodium, copper and iridium, and containing a second metal that is different from the first metal, to obtain a hydrofluoroolefin in which a hydrogen atom is substituted for at least a chlorine atom represented by Cl among chlorine atoms contained in Formula (I) or Formula (II).

Abstract: Use of diverse biomass feedstock in a process for the recovery of target C5 and C6 alditols and target glycols via staged hydrogenation and hydrogenolysis processes is disclosed. Particular alditols of interest include, but are not limited to, xylitol and sorbitol. Various embodiments of the present invention synergistically improve overall recovery of target alditols and/or glycols from a mixed C5/C6 sugar stream without needlessly driving total recovery of the individual target alditols and/or glycols. The result is a highly efficient, low complexity process having enhanced production flexibility, reduced waste and greater overall yield than conventional processes directed to alditol or glycol production.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a system for producing synthetic fuels, in particular jet fuel (kerosene), gasoline and/or diesel, comprising: a) an apparatus for separately extracting carbon dioxide and water from ambient air, b) a synthesis gas production apparatus for producing a raw synthesis gas comprising carbon monoxide, hydrogen, carbon dioxide and water, the synthesis gas production apparatus having a supply line for carbon dioxide leading from the apparatus for separately extracting carbon dioxide and water from ambient air, a supply line for air and a supply line for water, c) a separating apparatus for separating carbon dioxide and water from the raw synthesis gas produced in the synthesis gas production apparatus, d) a Fischer-Tropsch apparatus for producing hydrocarbons by means of a Fischer-Tropsch process from the synthesis gas from which carbon dioxide and water were separated in the separating apparatus, e) a refining apparatus for refining the hydrocarbons produced in the Fischer-Tropsch

Abstract: Processes for converting ethanol and syngas (CO and H2) to isobutanol are disclosed. Syngas and ethanol are reacted in the first reaction zone in the presence of a first heterogeneous catalyst to produce a first reactor effluent comprising a first mixture of alcohols. The first reactor effluent is reacted a second reaction zone in the presence of a second heterogeneous catalyst to produce a second reactor effluent comprising a second mixture of alcohols. The second reactor effluent is separated into an overhead gas stream and a liquid bottom stream. The liquid bottom stream is separated into at least a C1-2 stream, a C3 stream, and a C4+ stream. The isobutanol is recovered from the C4+ stream.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a method for conversion of a mixture of high-boiling fluorinated components comprising 1,1,3,3-tetrachloro-1-fluoropropane (HCFC-241fa), 1,3,3-trichloro-1,1-difluoropropane (HCFC-242fa), 1,1,3-trichloro-1,3-difluoropropane (HCFC-242fb), 3,3-dichloro-1,1,1-trifluoropropane (HCFC-243fa), 1,3-dichloro-1,1,3-trifluoropropane (HCFC-243fb), 3-chloro-1,1,1,3-tetrafluoropropane (HCFC-244fa), their isomers, and combinations thereof, to 1-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropene (HCFO-1233zd). Heavy impurities, such as oligomers and other high boiling impurities, that are present may be purged during the process to prevent yield loss and reduction of catalyst efficacy.