Abstract: This disclosure relates to processes which involve: contacting a mixture comprising at least one fluoroolefin and at least one RfC?CX impurity with at least one zeolite to reduce the concentration of the at least one RfC?CX impurity in the mixture; wherein Rf is a straight-chain perfluorinated alkyl group, and X is H, F, Cl, Br or I; and the at least one zeolite is selected from the group consisting of zeolites having pore opening of at least 4 Angstroms and no more than about 5 Angstroms, zeolites having pore opening of at least about 5 Angstroms and Sanderson electronegativity of no more than about 2.6, and mixtures thereof; provided that the at least one zeolite is not zeolite 4A.

Abstract: Convergent nanofabrication and nanoassembly methods are disclosed. Molecules and/or nanostructures are bound to supported binding tools and manipulated to bond together in desired locations and orientations to yield desired precise structures. Methods for precise fabrication of materials including diamond, graphene, nanotube, ?-SiC (and precise modifications thereof, e.g. color centers for quantum computation and information processing and storage), halite structured materials including MgO, MgS, TiC, VN, ScN, precisely Mn doped ScN, NbN, HfC, TaC, HfxTayC, and metals, and graphenoid structures for photovoltaic devices are disclosed. Systems disclosed performing these methods can fabricate systems with similar capabilities, enabling allo- or self-replication, and have capabilities including: conversion and storage of energy; obtainment and processing of matter from abundant environmental sources including on other planets and fabrication of desired articles using same; converting wind power (esp.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for preparing isocyanates by reacting primary amines with phosgene in a solvent, where the solvent comprises a dialkyl carbonate.

Abstract: Disclosed in the present invention are a chromium-free gas phase fluorination catalyst and an application thereof. The precursor of the related chromium-free gas phase fluorination catalyst consists of a compound containing iron element, a compound containing rare earth metal element and a compound containing element A, wherein element A is one selected from Ca, Al, Mg and Ti, the precursor is subjected to roasting and fluorination treating to obtain the chromium-free gas phase fluorination catalyst. The precursor of the catalyst is roasted at 400-500° C. and fluoridized with hydrogen fluoride at 350-450° C. to obtain the chromium-free gas phase fluorination catalyst. The catalyst has characteristics of being chromium-free and environment-friendly, good catalytic activity and long life etc. The catalyst can be used for preparing hydrofluoroolefins or hydrochlorofluoroolefins from halohydrocarbons.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for the preparation of compound of formula (I) wherein R1 is halogen and R2 is halogen or hydrogen; comprising a) reacting the compound of formula (II) in an aprotic organic solvent in the presence of an aprotic polar co-solvent with a magnesium amide base followed by a halogenating agent, to the compound of formula I wherein R1 is halogen and R2 is hydrogen, and b) reacting the compound of formula (I), wherein R1 is chloro and R2 is hydrogen, in an aprotic organic solvent in the presence of an aprotic polar co-solvent with a magnesium amide base followed by a halogenating agent to a compound of formula I, wherein R1 is chloro and R2 is halogen.

Abstract: The compound according to Formula I is an intermediate in the synthesis of prostacylin analogs. The present invention provides an efficient method for synthesizing a Formula I compound.

Abstract: Process for preparing monoethylene glycol (MEG) by metal-catalyzed reaction of a dialkyl oxalate of the formula I where R1 and R2 are each, independently of one another, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl or isopropyl, with hydrogen (H2), wherein the dialkyl oxalate (I) is used as melt or as a solution in a solvent, dialkyl oxalate (I) and H2 are used in a molar ratio of H2:dialkyl oxalate (I) in the range from 4.0 to 30 and the reaction is carried out continuously in a reactor at a cross-sectional loading of ?10 m/s, a temperature in the range from 150 to 270° C., a pressure in the range from 150 to 390 bar and in the presence of a chromium-free heterogeneous catalyst comprising copper.

Abstract: Disclosed is a process for the formation of a mixture of the compounds 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (HFO-1234yf) and vinylidene fluoride, comprising pyrolyzing 1,1,2-trifluoro-2-trifluoro-methyl-cyclobutane under conditions effective to produce a reaction product comprising HFO-1234yf and vinylidene fluoride in a 1234yf:vinylidene fluoride molar ratio of from about 0.5 to about 1.2.

Abstract: The present invention provides a process for the preparation of dibenzenesulfonimide.

Abstract: Provided are methods for site- and stereo-retentive cross-couplings with unactivated secondary boronic acids, which methods are particularly useful in building block-based approach for small molecule synthesis. Also provided is a method of forming an air-stable chiral secondary boronic acid.

Abstract: The present invention provides an improved process for removing heat from an exothermic reaction. In particular, the present invention provides a process wherein heat can be removed from multiple reaction trains using a common coolant system.

Abstract: Method for preparation of 5-alkylsalicylaldoximes with formula 1, where R is a C6-C16 alkyl group, consisting in that into a water-alcohol solvent system, p-alkylphenol, sodium hydroxide, chloroform and hydroxylamine are introduced, while in relation to the alkylphenol used, sodium hydroxide and chloroform are used in amounts from the stoichiometric amount to a 100% excess, and hydroxylamine is used in amounts from the stoichiometric amount to a 60% excess, and the reaction is carried out at a temperature of 60-75° C. for 1.5-4 h, and then, at a temperature of 20-30° C., the post-reaction mixture is acidified till the pH of the aqueous phase <7.0 is obtained, and next, an alcohol-water azeotrope is distilled off with an admixture of unreacted chloroform, the residue is mixed with a neutral C5-C10 hydrocarbon solvent, the layers are separated, and the solvent is distilled off from the organic phase.

Abstract: Provided is an efficient method for producing a fluorine-containing compound without the need for a rectification column involving numerous stages, extractive distillation, etc. The method for producing a fluorine-containing compound includes the step of supplying a composition containing a mixture to a dehydrohalogenation step, the mixture being at least one member selected from the group consisting of mixtures of at least one fluoroolefin and at least one hydrofluorocarbon, the boiling points of which are close to each other, azeotropic mixtures of at least one fluoroolefin and at least one hydrofluorocarbon, and pseudo-azeotropic compounds of at least one fluoroolefin and at least one hydrofluorocarbon.

Abstract: Disclosed are processes for the production of fluorinated olefins, preferably adapted to commercialization of CF3CF?CH2 (1234yf). Three steps may be used in preferred embodiments in which a feedstock such as CCl2?CClCH2Cl (which may be purchased or synthesized from 1,2,3-trichloropropane) is fluorinated (preferably with HF in gas-phase in the presence of a catalyst) to synthesize a compound such as CF3CCl?CH2, preferably in a 80-96% selectivity. The CF3CCl?CH2 is preferably converted to CF3CFClCH3 (244-isomer) using a SbCl5 as the catalyst which is then transformed selectively to 1234yf, preferably in a gas-phase catalytic reaction using activated carbon as the catalyst. For the first step, a mixture of Cr2O3 and FeCl3/C is preferably used as the catalyst to achieve high selectivity to CF3CCl?CH2 (96%). In the second step, SbCl5/C is preferably used as the selective catalyst for transforming 1233xf to 244-isomer, CF3CFClCH3.

Abstract: An apparatus (10) for the preparation of acetylene and synthesis gas by partial oxidation of hydrocarbons with oxygen is proposed. The apparatus (10) comprises a reactor (12), wherein the reactor (12) comprises a burner block (14) with a furnace chamber for the preparation of a composition C1 comprising at least acetylene and substituted acetylene, a first scrubber (22) which is constructed for adding a solvent to the composition C1 to obtain a composition C2, a second scrubber (26) which is constructed for adding the solvent to the composition C2 to obtain a composition C3, a first stripper (36) which is constructed for stripping the composition C3 to obtain a composition C4 comprising the substituted acetylene, acetylene and the solvent and for separating off the acetylene, a first column (46) which is constructed for partial degassing of the composition C4 under a pressure of from 1.0 bar to 1.

Abstract: An input stream of gaseous nitrogen and carbon dioxide is introduced into a first interior volume of a separation vessel that is divided into first and second interior volumes by a separation membrane that includes a metal layer. The metal layer selectively permits movement of nitrogen through the metal layer. An output stream of gaseous nitrogen and carbon dioxide is conveyed out of the first interior volume and into a reaction vessel. The volume fraction of carbon dioxide is greater in the output stream than in the input stream; the volume fraction of nitrogen is reduced in the output stream relative to the input stream. Nitrogen is removed from the second interior volume to maintain a gradient of nitrogen partial pressure across the separation membrane that causes net transport of nitrogen from the first interior volume through the separation membrane into the second interior volume.

Abstract: A nitrogen-containing carbon material to the present invention comprises a carbon material having a carbon skeleton formed of carbon atoms and nitrogen atoms introduced into the carbon material, wherein part of carbon atoms in the carbon skeleton are substituted with nitrogen atoms. The nitrogen-containing carbon material according to the present invention can be produced by a production method including the steps of bringing the carbon material into contact with a first treatment gas containing a fluorine-containing gas to subject a surface of the carbon material to a fluorination treatment; and bringing the carbon material after being subjected to the fluorination treatment into contact with a second treatment gas containing a nitrogen-containing gas with heating to perform a nitriding treatment.

Abstract: The present invention relates to catalytic conversion of ketoacids, including methods for increasing the molecular weight of ketoacids, the method can include providing in a reactor a feedstock comprising at least one ketoacid, water and a base. The feedstock is then subjected to base catalysed condensation reactions.

Abstract: A method of producing reformed gas as part of a Fischer-Tropsch (“FT”) hydrocarbon synthesis is disclosed, including the steps of superheating at least a first portion of an FT tail gas produced as a by-product of an FT synthesis process, and forming a mixed gas by injecting at least a portion of an FT water stream, produced as a by-product of an FT synthesis process, into the superheated FT tail gas to form a mixed gas. The mixed gas is used as a feed to a front end of a syngas preparation unit. The amount of at least a portion of the FT water stream is selected to keep the mixed gas at least mostly and preferably entirely in a vapor phase. In some embodiments, a water-gas shift reactor converts the mixed gas to a converted mixed gas upstream of the front end. Other methods, apparatuses and systems are disclosed.

Abstract: ?-Substituted ?-amino acids, ?-substituted ?-amino acid derivatives, and ?-substituted ?-amino acid analogs and (bio)isosteres and their use as chemotherapeutic agents are disclosed. The ?-substituted ?-amino acid derivatives and ?-substituted ?-amino acid analogs and (bio)isosteres are selective LAT1/4F2hc substrates and exhibit rapid uptake and retention in tumors expressing the LAT1/4F2hc transporter. Methods of synthesizing the ?-substituted ?-amino acid derivatives and ?-substituted ?-amino acid analogs and methods of using the compounds for treating cancer are also disclosed. The ?-substituted ?-amino acid derivatives and ?-substituted ?-amino acid analogs exhibit selective uptake in tumor cells expressing the LAT1/4F2hc transporter and accumulate in cancerous cells when administered to a subject in vivo. The ?-substituted ?-amino acid derivatives and ?-substituted ?-amino acid analogs and (bio)isosteres exhibit cytotoxicity toward several tumor types.