Abstract: The invention discloses a process for hydrolyzed reforming of the ligneous cellulose biomass to produce bio-gasoline, which directly transfers the hydrolyzed-material liquid obtained from ligneous cellulose biomass through hydrolyzing into aqueous catalytic reforming system, the feed subjects to aqueous catalytic reforming reaction in low-temperature reforming reactor filled with catalyst Ni/SiO2—Al2O3 and in high-temperature reforming reactor filled with catalyst Ni/HZSM-5 in turn, the reactant is condensed and phase-separated: uncondensed bio-gasoline is absorbed by absorption liquid-C6 alkane, condensed liquid is phase-separated through phase-separator, bio-gasoline is obtained in the upper layer of the phase-separator. The invention creates a new process for producing high-quality liquid fuel oil using biomass as feedstock, which can automatically layer and separate, omitting the step of rectifying and purifying product. The feedstock is cheap and broadly available.

Abstract: A process is provided for creating feed pellets from agricultural residue material having substantially no food value, such as corn stover. The agricultural residue material is harvested and baled for transport to a storage and processing site. The baled agricultural residue material is then shredded and ground, and one or more chemical agents are added to depolymerize the fiber (lignin-carbohydrate) matrix of the agricultural residue material. Agricultural processing byproducts such as distiller's solubles and dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) are added to the agricultural residue material, either before or after the chemical agents are added, to form a combined material. The combined material is then pelletized into feed pellets, which may be transported and stored for later consumption by animals. The process produces a nutritionally enhanced material which is more easily digested than existing feed rations.

Abstract: Fuel compositions containing a hydrocarbon blend having a cetane number of at least 62, a kinematic viscosity at 40° C. of greater than 3.0 cSt and a density at 15° C. of greater than 830 kg/m3 is disclosed. The Wear Scar value of the fuel composition is below 350 microns as determined by CEC-F-06-A-96 and/or contains (b) a paraffinic fuel boiling in the gas oil range comprising more than 90 wt % paraffins and having a cetane number of between 70 and 85 in combination with (a) a mineral derived gas oil having a density at 15° C. of between 800 and 860 kg/m3 and a kinematic viscosity at 40° C. of between 1.5 and 15 cSt (mm2/s) and/or (c) a naphthenic rich blending component boiling in the gas oil range having a density at 15° C. of greater than 860 kg/m3 and having a pour point of below ?30° C.

Abstract: An initial coal is cleaned to reduce ash content by ?20% and yield refined coal that optimizes combustion air flow through a coal burner. This permits conveyance of pulverized refined coal in suspended condition through feeder pipes of the coal burner using reduced air flow compared to the quantity of air required to convey pulverized initial coal in suspended condition through the feeder pipes. This reduces oxygen in the primary combustion zone, lowering conversion of fuel nitrogen into NOx and instead converting it into N2 using the refined coal product. Reduced primary combustion air also reduces core flame temperature, reducing thermal NOx formation using the refined coal product. Increasing secondary and/or tertiary combustion air compensates for reduced primary combustion air and result in overall decrease in NOx formation (e.g., thermal NOx formation is reduced when combustion completed in cooler secondary and/or tertiary combustion zones).

Abstract: The present invention is generally directed to methods for making fuels from biomass comprising triglyceride species, whereby the biomass is subjected to partial hydrodeoxygenation and (optionally) catalytic isomerization. The partial-hydrodeoxygenation of the triglyceride species produces a fuel that retains some oxygenates for enhanced lubricity.

Abstract: The present invention constitutes a heat treatment apparatus like a fluidized-bed dryer for heat treating a particulate material in a low temperature, open-air process. Preferably, available waste heat sources within the surrounding industrial plan operation are used to provide heat to the dryer. Moreover, conveyor means contained within the dryer can remove larger, denser particles that could otherwise impede the continuous flow of the particulate material through the dryer or plug the fluidizing dryer. This invention is especially useful for drying coal for an electricity generation plant.

Abstract: A composition is disclosed comprising an oily medium and at least one compound represented by the following formula (Z) A-L-[D1-(E)q-D2-(B)m—Z1—R]p??(Z) wherein A represents a p-valent chain or cyclic residue; L represents a single bond or a divalent linking group; p represents a carbonyl group or a sulfonyl group; D2 represents a carbonyl group, a sulfonyl group, a carboxyl group, a sulfonyloxyl group, a carbamoyl group, or a sulfamoyl group; E represents a divalent group; R represents a hydrogen atom, a substituted or non-substituted C8 or longer alkyl group, a perfluoroalkyl group or a trialkylsilyl group; B represents an oxyethylene group or the like; and Z1 represents a single bond or a divalent group.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to fuel additive compositions comprising one or more hydrogen bonding compounds derived from a long chain fatty acid, and one or more esters of a second long chain fatty acid. Such fuel additives improve the lubricity of the fuel.

Abstract: The object of the present invention is to neutralize acidity of bio-oil so as to allow practical use of bio-oil as fuel. Neat liquid of acidic bio-oil is flow in the treatment bath 1. Magnesium powder is added to the liquid from the input chute 3 and the mixture is stirred in the stirrer 7 until the magnesium powder is completely dissolved. The treated oil is taken from the outlet tube 4. The hydrogen gas generated is collected by the suction duct 5, and the reaction heat generated is collected by the heat exchanger 6.

Abstract: The invention relates to a dispersion of the type comprising particles of a rare earth compound, particularly a compound of cerium, an acid and an organic phase, characterized in further comprising an anti-oxidant agent which can particularly be selected from substituted derivatives of phenol, aromatic amines or tocopherols. Said dispersion may be used as additive for diesel fuel for internal combustion engines, in particular as additive for diesel for diesel engines.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the use of a RAFT polymer as an antiwear agent in a lubricant. The lubricant may be useful in a number of mechanical devices.

Abstract: A lubricant formulation and method of blending a lubricant formulation is disclosed. The lubricant formulation comprises at least two base stocks. The first base stock comprises a viscosity greater than 135 cSt, Kv100° C. and a tight molecular weight distribution as a function of viscosity. The second base stock comprises a viscosity less than 60 cSt, Kv100° C. The formulation also comprises a polyol ester. The lubricant formulation provides favorable properties.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for preparing a bio-diesel, comprising the steps of, in the presence of an additional free fatty acid source, reacting a raw oil-fat with C1-C6 monohydric alcohol in a reactor, and separating fatty acid esters from the reacted materials, so as to produce the bio-diesel, wherein the amount of the free fatty acid in the free fatty acid source ranges from 2-100 wt % and is higher than the amount of the free fatty acid in the raw fat-oil. The present process can increase the fatty acid ester yield and purity of raw oil-fats having a low reaction activity, and has a high adaptability to raw materials.

Abstract: A flow improver for biodiesel fuels, comprising an ?-olefin polymer with a weight average molecular weight of 50,000 to 500,000 that is obtained by polymerization of an ?-olefin mixture (C), wherein the mole ratio (A)/(B) of an ?-olefin (A) with 10 carbon atoms and an ?-olefin (B) with 14 to 18 carbon atoms is (A)/(B)=10/90 to 60/40.

Abstract: A functional fluid suitable for use in an internal combustion engine is provided, comprising: (a) a major amount of a base fluid; (b) a minor amount of a polysubstituted alkanol amine derivative reaction product obtainable by reacting: (i) a carboxylate compound of formula I R1COOR2??(I) in which: R1 is an aliphatic C1-30-hydrocarbon radical; and R2 is hydrogen or alkyl, mono- or polyhydroxyalkyl, or ammonium; with (ii) an alkanol amine of the formula II NHR3R4??(II) wherein R3 and R4 are independently selected from hydrogen atoms and linear or branched-chain hydrocarbon groups, the carbon chain of which is optionally interrupted by one or more —NH— groups and which optionally has at least one hydroxyl group attached to a carbon atom of the hydrocarbon group, with the proviso that R3 and R4 are not both hydrogen atoms and that at least one of said residues R3 and R4 carries at least one hydroxyl group; in a molar ratio of the —COO— groups of the carboxylate compound of formula I to the molar sum of OH

Abstract: The present invention is generally directed to methods for processing lignin-containing biomass so as to render it more amenable to hydroprocessing, wherein such processing typically reduces the level of oxygen in the biomass. Following such processing, the resulting reduced-oxygen lignin-derived product can be hydroprocessed into a biofuel suitable for use as a transportation fuel. Additionally, in some embodiments, such methods can be integrated with one or more other processes, wherein such other processes can be production and/or logistical in nature.

Abstract: A lubricating oil for a compression-type refrigerator using a hydrofluorocarbon refrigerant including a polyvinyl ether-based compound containing in the molecule an alkylene glycol unit or a polyoxyalkylene glycol unit and a polyvinyl ether unit and having a molecular weight in the range of 300 to 3,000, and a refrigeration apparatus using the lubricating oil. The present invention can provide a lubricating oil for a compression-type refrigerator having good compatibility in the atmosphere of a hydrofluorocarbon and a high viscosity index, and a refrigeration apparatus using such a lubricating oil.

Abstract: A diesel fuel based on a blend of a diesel fuel derived from a Fischer-Tropsch process, and a mineral oil based diesel fuel having a sulfur content of less than 100 ppmw; and a method of operating a diesel engine, which method involves combusting such diesel fuel in the diesel engine.

Abstract: The present invention relates to alkanolamide-containing compositions, and more particularly to alkanolamide-containing compositions formed by the reaction of a fatty acid and diethanolamine (DEA) which contain low levels of undesirable by-products. Such compositions are particularly suitable for use as fuel additives.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for producing a fuel from vegetable oil in order to operate of diesel internal combustion engines. In said method, the oleaginous fruit is pressed, and the dripping oil is filtered. According to the invention, the dripping vegetable oil containing the cloudy matter is mixed with a clay material in a first step before being filtered and is filtered in a second step.