Abstract: A molten salt bath includes at least two types selected from the group consisting of lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium, beryllium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, and barium; at least one type selected from the group consisting of fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine; at least one element selected from the group consisting of scandium, yttrium, titanium, zirconium, hafnium, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, manganese, technetium, rhenium, and lanthanoid; and an organic polymer having at least one type of a bond of carbon-oxygen-carbon and a bond of carbon-nitrogen-carbon. A deposit obtained using the molten salt bath, and a method of producing a metal deposit using the molten salt bath are provided.

Abstract: Described are apparatus and methods for electroplating one or more metals onto a substrate. Embodiments include electroplating apparatus configured for plating highly uniform metal layers. In specific embodiments, the apparatus includes a flow-shaping element made of an ionically resistive material and having a plurality of channels made through the flow shaping element. The channels allow for transport of the electrolyte through the flow shaping element during electroplating. The channel openings are arranged in a spiral-like pattern on the substrate-facing surface of the flow shaping element such that the center of the spiral-like pattern is offset from the center of the flow shaping element.

Abstract: A thin film deposition apparatus used to manufacture large substrates on a mass scale and that allows high-definition patterning, and a method of manufacturing an organic light-emitting display apparatus using the same, the apparatus includes a loading unit fixing a substrate onto an electrostatic chuck; a deposition unit including a chamber maintained in a vacuum state and a thin film deposition assembly disposed in the chamber, separated from the substrate by a predetermined distance, to deposit a thin film on the substrate fixed on the electrostatic chuck; an unloading unit separating the substrate on which a deposition process is completed, from the electrostatic chuck; a first circulation unit sequentially moving the electrostatic chuck on which the substrate is fixed, to the loading unit, the deposition unit, and the unloading unit; and a second circulation unit returning the electrostatic chuck separated from the substrate to the loading unit from the unloading unit, wherein the first circulation unit

Abstract: A method of cleaning teeth by providing a device for generating a chemical agent in situ on an as-needed basis via the application of an electrical potential across a pair of conductors in communication with an electrolyte. The chemical agents may include ozone, hydrogen peroxide, peroxide, chlorine and/or hypochlorite. The device may include a voltage source and a first set of electrodes for applying an electrical potential to the electrolyte. The device may also include a second set of electrodes disposed about an anode of the first set of electrodes. The first and second sets of anodes cooperate to produce ions, peroxides, ozone and/or other chemical agents via the application of electrical potential to the electrolyte.

Abstract: Provided is a photo active layer for a solar cell or a light emitting diode and a fabricating method thereof. The photo active layer is formed by alternately stacking silicon quantum dot layers in which a plurality of silicon quantum dots containing conductive type impurities are formed in a medium, which is a silicon compound, and conductive layers, which are polycrystalline silicon layers, containing the same conductive type impurities as those of the silicon quantum dots.

Abstract: Nanofluidic passages such as nanochannels and nanopores are closed or opened in a controlled manner through the use of a feedback system. An oxide layer is grown or removed within a passage in the presence of an electrolyte until the passage reaches selected dimensions or is closed. The change in dimensions of the nanofluidic passage is measured during fabrication. The ionic current level through the passage can be used to determine passage dimensions. Fluid flow through an array of fluidic elements can be controlled by selective oxidation of fluidic passages between elements.

Abstract: A mold manufacturing method of an embodiment of the present invention includes the steps of: (a) providing a mold base; (b) partially anodizing the aluminum layer to form a porous alumina layer, the porous alumina layer having a porous layer which defines a plurality of minute recessed portions and a barrier layer which is provided at a bottom of each of the plurality of minute recessed portions; and (c) after step (b), performing etching, thereby enlarging the plurality of minute recessed portions of the porous alumina layer, wherein in step (c) the etching is performed such that an average depth of the plurality of minute recessed portions increases but does not exceed a 1/7 of an average thickness of the barrier layer before the etching.

Abstract: A plurality of cup-shaped workpieces are anodized by first securing each of them in a downwardly open position on an electrically conductive and flat workpiece frame that is then inverted such that the workpieces are open upward and lowered into a body of anodizing liquid in a treatment bath until the workpieces are wholly immersed and the frame is in contact with a horizontal rail. Thereafter the frame is moved horizontally while wholly immersed in the anodizing liquid while electricity flows between the rail and a cathode immersed in the bath below the workpieces such the liquid anodizes surfaces of the workpieces. The frame is raised out of the body of liquid with the workpieces open upward, and, while the workpieces are still above the body of liquid, inverting the frame and the workpieces so that the workpieces are open downward and any treatment liquid drains downward into the bath.

Abstract: Bifacial crystalline solar cells and associated solar panel systems are provided. The cells include a p-type crystalline silicon layer and a barrier layer. The panels include at least two rows of cells. The cells in each row are connected to one another in series. The rows are connected in parallel. A reflector is used to reflect light towards the underside of the panel. A long axis of the reflector is arranged to be parallel to the rows of cells.

Abstract: The invention relates to a photovoltaic cell, comprising a plate shaped substrate of a semiconductor material with a solar face and a connection face, a first volume of the substrate adjacent to the solar face is doped with a first polarity, the second volume is doped with a second polarity and the volumes are separated by a pn-junction, a number of apertures in the substrate extending between both faces and in which a plug has been positioned of which a part is conducting, contact tracks at the solar face of the substrate connected with the first volume and the conducting part of the plug, first contacts at the connection face of the substrate connected with the conducting part of the plug and second contacts located at the connection face of the substrate connected with the second volume, wherein the specific electrical conductivity of the plug decreases from its centre to the contact face with the substrate.

Abstract: A moth-eye mold fabrication method includes: (a) providing an aluminum film deposited on a base, the aluminum film having a thickness of not less than 0.5 ?m and not more than 5 ?m, a surface of the aluminum film having a plurality of crystal grains whose average crystal grain diameter is not less than 200 nm and not more than 5 ?m; (b) after step (a), anodizing the surface of the aluminum film to form a porous alumina layer which has a plurality of minute recessed portions; and (c) after step (b), bringing the porous alumina layer into contact with an etching solution, thereby enlarging the plurality of minute recessed portions of the porous alumina layer. A method of readily fabricating a mold is produced that is for manufacture of an antireflection film in which a moth-eye structure is superposed over an antiglare structure.

Abstract: Techniques for electrodeposition of thin film solar panels are provided. In one aspect, an electrodeposition apparatus is provided. The electrodeposition apparatus includes at least one electroplating cell; and a conveyor for moving panels over the electroplating cell, wherein the conveyor comprises at least one metal belted track over the electroplating cell surrounding a plurality of metal rollers. The electroplating cell can include an anode at a bottom of the electroplating cell; and a plurality of paddles at a top of the electroplating cell. A baffle may be located in between the anode and the paddles. An electroplating process is also provided.

Abstract: Disclosed are methods of electroplating a metal onto a substrate surface in an electroplating bath and adjusting the pH of the bath. The methods may include exposing the substrate surface, a counter-electrode, and an acid generating surface to the bath, biasing the substrate surface sufficiently negative relative to the counterelectrode such that metal ions from the bath are reduced and plated onto the substrate surface, and biasing the acid generating surface sufficiently positive relative to the counterelectrode such that free hydrogen ions are generated at the acid generating surface thereby decreasing the pH of the bath. Also disclosed are apparatuses for electroplating metal onto a substrate surface in an electroplating bath, and for adjusting the pH of the electroplating bath. The apparatuses may include an acid generating surface configured to generate free hydrogen ions in the bath upon supply of sufficient positive voltage bias relative to a counterelectrode electrical contact.

Abstract: A solar collector having two axis control and cogeneration capabilities is provided. The solar collector may have a primary collecting mirror, a second reflecting mirror, and a solar collector positioned adjacent to the primary mirror. The collector may realize both direct solar to electricity production via photovoltaic cells or the like, as well as heat collection generated by the collected solar energy. The collected heat may be transferred to a fluid which may be transferred for productive uses such as electricity production, heating, cooling, and the like.

Abstract: The invention is a method of forming a cadmium sulfide based buffer on a copper chalcogenide based absorber in making a photovoltaic cell. The buffer is sputtered at relatively high pressures. The resulting cell has good efficiency and according to one embodiment is characterized by a narrow interface between the absorber and buffer layers. The buffer is further characterized according to a second embodiment by a relatively high oxygen content.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, a method of separating and recovering metals whereby a mixture containing at least a first metal and a second metal, the second metal having a higher standard electrode potential than that of the first metal, is connected to an anode in a molten salt, and the first metal and the second metal are precipitated on a cathode in the molten salt by electrolysis, the method of separating and recovering metals comprising: a detection step of detecting a concentration change in each of a first metal ion and a second metal ion in the molten salt by a concentration change detection unit; a first electrolysis step of electrolyzing the first metal; a first recovery step of recovering a precipitated substance according to a detection in which a concentration decrease of the first metal ion, which is predefined in the concentration change detection unit, is detected in the detection step; a second electrolysis step of electrolyzing the second metal; and a second recovery step of recovering a pre

Abstract: A system to prepare an antimicrobial solution by the electrolysis of brine is presented where the antimicrobial solution is a solution comprising HOCl that contains a HOCl concentration of 100 ppm or more at a pH of approximately 6.5. The system includes an electrolysis cell that is provided with a constant current by a digital DC power supply controlled by a microprocessor and a controlled brine concentration at a controlled rate, which can also be controlled by the microprocessor to deliver a fluid that is continuously observed by a pH probe and an ORP probe that provides input to the microprocessor to adjust voltage, pump rate and/or flow rate in a programmed manner by the microprocessor. A method to produce the antimicrobial solution, including a sporicidal solution, by the novel system is presented.

Abstract: The paste composition of the instant invention consists of silver powder, glass frit, Bi2O3, metal additives and an organic medium. The present invention is further directed to an electrode formed from the paste composition and a semiconductor device and, in particular, a soar cell comprising such an electrode. The paste compositions provide a solderable electrode, particularly useful for forming solar cell back side buss bars on an aluminum layer that covers the entire back side surface of the solar cell.

Abstract: A position detection device includes a thermoelectric conversion portion which includes a magnetic layer and a plurality of electrodes. The magnetic layer has magnetization. The plurality of electrodes are formed of a material having spin-orbit interaction, and are formed on the magnetic layer so as to extend in a direction which intersects with the magnetization direction of the magnetic layer. When an arbitrary location on the layer-surface of the magnetic layer is heated, the thermoelectric conversion portion modulates the effective temperature in the magnetic layer and induces a spin Seebeck effect. As a result, the thermoelectric conversion portion generates, from the plurality of electrodes, a voltage corresponding to the heated position as position information.

Abstract: A photovoltaic device may be provided having a semiconductor substrate, an i-type amorphous layer or an i-type amorphous layer formed over a front surface or a back surface of the semiconductor substrate, and a p-type amorphous layer or an n-type amorphous layer formed over the i-type amorphous layer or the i-type amorphous layer. The i-type amorphous layer or the i-type amorphous layer has an oxygen concentration profile in which a concentration is reduced in a step-shape from a region near an interface with the semiconductor substrate and along a thickness direction.