Abstract: A holding member for holding an optical member is made of plastic material, and provided with at least two fit portions on the inner diameter surface thereof in such a way as to project toward the optical axis and also to determine the holding position of the optical member. The holding member further includes a resilient portion at a position of almost equal distance to both fit portions to hold the optical member by pressing it against the fit portions.

Abstract: A bright and very compact telephoto lens system which is capable of effective aberrational compensation at infinity and with minimal aberrational variations when focused at near distances using inner focusing. The lens system includes a first lens group having a positive refractive power, a second lens group having a positive refractive power and a third lens group having a negative refractive power. The first lens group is composed of a positive first lens element, a positive second lens element, a negative third lens element and a positive fourth lens element. The second lens group includes a cemented positive lens in which a positive fifth lens element is cemented to a negative sixth lens element. The third lens group is composed of a cemented negative lens in which a positive seventh lens element is cemented to a negative eighth lens element, and a positive meniscus ninth lens element having a convex surface directed toward the object side.

Abstract: An optical apparatus is described for scanning an optical record carrier comprising a radiation source supplying a scanning beam, a reflector for directing the scanning beam to the record carrier and an objective lens for focussing the beam to a scanning spot on the information surface . The mounting height of the apparatus is considerably reduced by integrating the objective lens and the reflector in a single reflector-objective element.

Abstract: A collimator optical system for effecting elliptical-to-circular cross section is disclosed which comprises two lenses in a slab form whose refractive index distribution in one plane is such that the refractive index decreases gradually from the center outward in the direction of their thickness. The two lenses are spaced on the optical axis in such a way that the direction of refractive index distribution in one lens crossing the direction of refractive index distribution in the other lens at right angles.

Abstract: The present invention provides a photographic lens system comprising from the object side to the image side; a first lens element of a positive meniscus lens convex to the object side; a second lens element of a bi-concave lens; a third lens element of a bi-convex lens; a fourth lens element of a negative meniscus lens concave to the object side; and an aperture diaphragm; wherein the lens system fulfills the following conditions:0.4<-f.sub.A /f<0.90.004<d.sub.6 /(D+t)<0.1-1.0<(r.sub.7 -r.sub.8)/(r.sub.7 +r.sub.8)<-0.35wherein: f.sub.A represents focal length of an air lens formed by the image side surface of the first lens element and the object side surface of the second lens element; f represents focal length of the whole lens system; d.sub.

Abstract: A selective shading device has a number of shading plates or planar members and a supporting body that holds the plates or planar members in such a manner that they are arrranged radially with respect to an optical axis. The device blocks sagittal bundles of rays. A preferred example of the supporting body is a cylindrical frame that holds the shading plates perpendicularly to the inner surface thereof. Alternatively, the shading planar members are formed within a lens element along the edge thereof.

Abstract: A grazing angle microscope includes a highly convex central spherical mirror segment and a highly concave annular spherical mirror segment. A beam of incident radiant energy is sequentially directed against a part of the first convex mirror and a first part of the concave mirror onto a surface area at grazing angles so as to form a focused image on the surface area. A second part of the concave mirror collects radiant energy reflected from the surface at grazing angles and directs it to a second part of the convex mirror for reflection to a detector. Masking means are located at a focus that is remote from the surface area to determine the geometric shape of the image of the remote focus to target the surface area to be sampled by radiant energy. The masking means is adjusted during viewing in a visible light mode, with the visible light having a common optical path and common focal points with the radiant energy.

Abstract: An optical system for an in-line holographic lens or lens array which is designed to produce and pass a symmetrical focused beam of light while or blocking or attenuating the zero order in-line collimated beam illuminating and passed by the lens. Each holographic lens is designed to produce a symmetrical focused beam of light, and has particular applicability to high quality, low f-number holographic lenses. In the optical system, the in-line holographic lens is illuminated by a reconstruction beam of light such that it produces a focused beam of light along the optical axis of the lens, and also passes the zero order in-line reconstruction beam. A polarization rotator is positioned along the optical axis to receive the focused beam of light and also the zero order reconstruction beam, with the focused beam of light being incident thereon and traversing through the polarization rotator at different angles from the zero order reconstruction beam.

Abstract: A lens system has a lens unit comprising a positive lens and a negative lens. The positive lens has an index distribution in the direction of the optic axis. The value of the index gradient for a light having a short wavelength in the vicinity of the vertex of at least one convex surface of the positive lens is smaller than the value of the index gradient for a light having a long wavelength.

Abstract: A device for correcting refractive errors in the eye comprising a synthetic corneal onlay lens. The lens has an annular projection received in an annular recess in the corneal outer surface and a mechanism for connecting the lens to the cornea. This mechanism comprises sutures received in throughbores in the lens and passing into the cornea, adhesive directly connecting the annular projection and the recess, or both. The annular projection and the recess can have conforming scalloped surfaces to increase the engaging surface areas, thereby reducing the chances of relative rotation and increasing the adhesion therebetween.

Abstract: The device provided makes it possible to see a collimated light image in relief. It is formed from a conventional collimator assembly comprising a convergent lens at the focal point of which the light representation to be collimated is placed. This light representation may be formed on the screen of a cathode ray tube. The screen is equipped with a micro-lens lattice. Each micro-lens is coupled to at least two adjacent pixels corresponding to the display of the same image point. A divergent optic is placed between the micro-lens lattice and the collimation optic so as to form with a convergent optic an assembly of the teleobjective type and to provide spatial separation of the collimated images and allow separate observation of a first image with the right eye and of second image with the left eye in the eye box.

Abstract: A variable focal length lens system comprising a first lens unit which comprises a negative meniscus lens and a positive lens, a second lens unit which comprises a negative lens, and a third lens unit which comprises at least three lenses including at least one negative lens, the variable focal length lens system being arranged to vary the focal length by moving the second lens unit and arranged to have a large aperture ratio and high vari-focal ratio and to be small in size.

Abstract: A projection system comprising from the image end a screen, a lens in which a core portion including the lens axis accomplishes a convergence function and in which a peripheral portion including a lens edge thereof accomplishes the divergence function, a convex lens element, a concave lens element and a CRT having a face glass whose inner surface is coated with a phosphor and is so curved to form a fourth lens element with a curvature center within a core portion including the lens axis is disposed on the screen side of the projection system, the curvature radius of each part of the core portion of the fourth lens increasing thereof in accordance with increments of the semi-aperture distance of each part from the lens axis.

Abstract: An optical system shifting device for a camera in which an optical system is shifted in the direction of the optical axis by the driving force of a motor, wherein a first positioning member effects the positioning of the optical system in the direction of the optical axis independently of the driving force of the motor, a second positioning member effects the positioning of the optical system in a direction perpendicular to the optical axis of the optical system, and a switching member actuates the motor by giving an external force to the optical system, whereby the functional features as well as maneuverability of the optical system shifting device are improved.

Abstract: A zoom lens comprising, from front to rear, a first lens unit of negative power, a second lens unit of positive power and a third lens unit, the first and second lens units being axially movable for zooming, and the zoom lens satisfying the following conditions:1.2f.sub.W <.vertline.f.sub.1 .vertline.<1.6f.sub.W0.9f.sub.W <f.sub.2 <1.3f.sub.W-0.35/f.sub.T <1/f.sub.3 <0.3/f.sub.T0.85f.sub.W <l.sub.1W <1.2f.sub.W0<l.sub.2W /f.sub.W <0.30<l.sub.1T /f.sub.W <0.20.7<(l.sub.2T -l.sub.2W)/f.sub.W <1.21.2<.vertline..beta..sub.2T .vertline.<1.1.sqroot.f.sub.T /f.sub.Wwhere F.sub.1, f.sub.2 and f.sub.3 are the focal lengths of the first, second and third lens units respectively, l.sub.1W and l.sub.2W are the first and second separations between the first and second lens units and between the second and third lens units respectively when in the wide angle end, l.sub.1T and l.sub.2T are the first and second separations when in the telephoto end, .beta..sub.

Abstract: A system for presenting stereoscopic images to a viewer includes a screen for presenting first and second images and a plurality of louvers for isolating the images for viewers located back from the screen along predetermined sight lines. In a first embodiment, a pair of stereoscopic images are presented simultaneously on co-planar screens, and fixed isolation louvers isolate the images for a viewer positioned along a center line from the viewing enclosure. In a second embodiment, the stereoscopic images are presented sequentially on a common screen, and movable louvers are provided for isolating the images first from the right eye and then from the left eye. In both cases, viewers may experience three-dimensional images without having to wear glasses or goggles and without having to come up immediately to the viewing device.

Abstract: A slide specimen extracted from a cassette at a receiving position is carried to a holding position for waiting by a carrier along a carrying pass. While at the holding position, a previously inspected specimen that has been observed through a microscope is placed on the carrying pass at a specimen replacing position. Thereafter the specimen that has been held at the holding position is carried to the replacing position by the carrier, while at the same time the specimen that has just been placed at the replacing position is moved along the carrying pass by the carrier. The specimen then placed in the replacing position is picked up by a pair of holding arms and carried to an observing position of the microscope. The specimen is retained by vacuum adsorption and by specimen retainers which resiliently hold it by means of springs in contact with the vacuum adsorption surface.

Abstract: A passive display device is set forth having two substrates (1, 4) which are provided with fixed electrodes and a movable electrode (10) located between the substrates. The movable electrode lies against the upper substrate (4) in the quiescent state, and is connected to the lower substrate (1) by means of supports (9) of polymeric material. A method of manufacturing such a display device is also set forth.

Abstract: A sighting apparatus in which a laser oscillator and an optical system are provided on a rotational table and in which the laser beam is emitted in any horizontal direction by remote control. A movement conversion mechanism which converts a rotational movement to a linear movement, and a drive unit which comprises a motor operated by remote control and a reduction gear mechanism which transmits the rotation of the motor to the movement conversion mechanism are provided on the table. The movement conversion mechanism is connected to a movable mirror cylinder which holds a focusing lens constituting a part of the optical system to move the focusing lens by remote control.

Abstract: A system and method are described for achieving a high efficiency, full color display using color sensitive lenses such as holographic lenses. A lens assembly is composed of discrete lens elements (1, 2, 3) which are sensitive to different wavelengths bands of light. Each lens element (1, 2, 3) focuses input light within its waveband onto a corresponding target area, and generally transmits input light outside of its waveband. A separate target area (R, G, B) is provided for each lens element, whereby incoming light is divided into its constituent colors. The separate color stripes (R, G, B) may then be operated upon to produce a desired display. For incoming light which is to be divided into n different wavebands and directed onto separate target areas each having an area A, the area of each lens element is approximately nA, and each lens overlaps the next adjacent lens by an area approxmately equal to (n-1)A.