Abstract: A non-aqueous electrolyte type secondary battery comprises a negative electrode capable of occluding and releasing lithium, a positive electrode capable of occluding and releasing lithium, a non-aqueous electrolyte which contains a lithium salt, and a container for accommodating the negative electrode, the positive electrode, and the electrolyte. The negative electrode is formed by pressing a foam metal or a fibrous sintered metal which contains nickel as a principal component thereof and which is filled with a mixture of a binder and a carbon material capable of occluding and releasing lithium. The negative electrode has a thickness of not less than 0.1 mm and a porosity of 20 to 50%.

Abstract: The present invention provides for electrode assemblies and methods in which electron transfer between a redox reaction product and an electrically conductive electrode material is facilitated by a metallo macrocyclic compound, preferably a metallo isoindole ringed compound and more preferably a ferro isoindole ringed compound. The redox reaction is usually catalysized by a redox enzyme, such as an oxidase.

Abstract: A thin film diode (8) between a data line (12) and a drive electrode (13), which is free from breakage in an upper layer film (4), is formed on one inner surface of a glass substrate (1) sealing a liquid crystal of a liquid crystal display device. To form such a thin film diode, a lower layer film (2) is formed on the glass substrate (1) such that the lower layer film (2) overlaps with the upper layer film (4) and the lower layer film (2) has a plurality of differences in level. An insulating film (3) is formed by oxidizing the surface of the lower layer film (2) with an anodic oxidation technique. The upper layer film (4) is formed, thereby completing the thin film diode. Alternately, an insulating film material (7,7') may be formed either on the lower layer film (2) or on the peripheral region thereof in the form of a film, and the insulating film (3) may be formed by oxidizing the insulating film material (7,7').

Abstract: A method for producing by electrophoretic deposition multi-layer, polyfunctional, catalyst members for use in catalytic converters having a plurality of suitably porous and adherent catalyst support coatings of substantially uniform thickness, a plurality of non-identical catalytic agents imbued therein/on, and a flexible metal substrate, are disclosed. Such process involves maintaining electrical interaction between a metal substrate previously coated with catalyst-catalyst support material, the power source, and the electrodes disposed in the electrophoretic deposition ("EPD") cell containing a slurry of a second catalyst support material and a second catalyst composition non-identical to that found in the first catalytically-active layer.

Abstract: Several methods for manufacturing field emission displays that operate using flat cone emitters are described. These methods are cost effective and relatively simple to implement. A key feature is the incorporation of chemical-mechanical polishing into the process. This allows the micro-cones, that would serve as cold cathodes in conventional structures, to be converted to flat cone emitters at the same time that the gate lines are being formed, the apexes of said flat cones being automatically located at the correct height relative to the gate lines.

Abstract: This invention provides a method for the anodization of magnesium in magnesium based alloys using an electrolytic solution containing ammonia. The use of such an electrolytic solution alters the manner in which the anodization occurs to provide a coating on the magnesium material without spark formation.

Abstract: Ozonizer (10) which supplies a feed gas to ozone generating cell (11) under application of a high voltage and which delivers an ozone gas through an ozone gas transport path (consisting of pipes (14) and (15)) as it has been generated in said ozone generating cell (11) is characterized in that the ozone gas transport path is furnished with means for removing at least one of NOx, HF and SOx (in the drawings, the means is for removing NOx) and that the ozone gas from the ozone generating cell (11) is passed through said removing means, whereby at least one of NOx, HF and SOx in said ozone gas is removed before it is delivered to a subsequent stage. The product ozone is not contaminated with Cr compounds at all or insufficiently contaminated to cause any practical problems in the fabrication of highly integrated semiconductor devices.

Abstract: A method of surface-roughening a copper foil by subjecting at least one side of the copper foil to electro-plating using an alternating current, wherein a sulfuric acid bath or a sulfuric acid-copper sulfate bath is used as an electrolyte.

Abstract: The subject of the invention is a process for conditioning the copper or copper-alloy external surface of an element of a mold for the continuous casting of metals, of the type including a step of nickel plating of said surface and a step of nickel removal therefrom, wherein:a preparation of said surface, comprising in succession an operation of cleaning said bare surface, an operation of pickling said bare surface in an oxidizing acid medium and an operation of brightening said bare surface, is carried out;then, an operation of nickel plating of said bare surface is carried out by electroplating, by placing said element as the cathode in an electrolyte consisting of an aqueous nickel sulfamate solution containing from 60 to 100 g/l of nickel;then, after said element has been used, an operation of partially or completely removing the nickel from said surface electrolytically is carried out, by placing said element as the anode in an electrolyte consisting of an aqueous nickel sulfamate solution containing fro

Abstract: The present invention relates to chucks and methods for positioning multiple objects, optionally for transport onto a recipient substrate. Instead of using conventional clamps that employ mechanical force, the present invention is directed to the use of a non-mechanical force such as negative pressure in a vacuum chuck, or static electricity in an electrostatic chuck as the force applied to the objects held by the chuck. Further, the chuck has a layer for holding the objects which are optionally subsequently transferred to a recipient substrate, the layer having a configuration substantially corresponding to the configuration of the recipient substrate. In certain aspects, the present invention is directed to a chuck for positioning objects with an average width or diameter less than or equal to one millimeter, and a thickness preferably less than about 3 millimeters, such as beads used in the chemical industry.

Abstract: A process for electroplating a surface comprising copper and an insulating material, comprising: applying specific carbon particles or a palladium compound to this surface, microetching the copper to remove the specific carbon particles or the palladium compound, and providing electroplating. The process is characterized by using an aqueous solution comprising 5 to 60 wt % of sulfuric acid, 3 to 35 wt % of hydrogen peroxide, 0.01 to 10 wt % of a phosphonic group-containing amine or a salt thereof, and, optionally, 0.1 to 10 wt % of an amine other than the phosphonic group-containing amine, as a microetching agent. This process can ensure highly reliable electroplating to inner walls of printing wiring board through-holes.

Abstract: The method of recovering useful materials from spent secondary batteries for electric vehicles comprises a step of separating spent secondary batteries for electric vehicles into a cover portion and a housing portion, a step of taking out electrode plates to separate them from the housing portion, a step of disassembling electrode plates into positive electrode plates and negative electrode plates, and a step of cutting the pole section so that the positive electrode plates can be separated from the negative electrode plates.

Abstract: A method of improving oxidation resistance of a platinum modified aluminide diffusion coating on a substrate involves electroplating the substrate with a platinum layer from an aqueous hydroxide based electroplating solution and aluminizing the substrate to grow the platinum modified aluminide diffusion coating on said layer. The electroplating solution preferably includes an alkali element and/or alkaline earth element that is incorporated in the platinum layer and in the aluminide diffusion coating formed thereon to significantly improve oxidation resistance of the coating.

Abstract: A system and method of the present invention measures the relative stress in the cladding of a nuclear fuel rod caused by the internal gas pressure of the rod. This is done by determining the attenuation ratio of two specific frequencies from a broadband low frequency acoustic energy spectrum. Relative pressure differentials are measurable and therefore any loss of fuel rod gas pressure is a direct indication of fuel rod cladding failure.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for electroplating a workpiece to achieve a uniform plating thickness includes a cathode rack having a hook from which the workpiece is suspended and spaced apart from a consumable anode. The rack includes a plurality of plates made of the same material as the anode disposed on opposite sides of the rack. The plates direct a portion of the current emanating from the anode away from the workpiece to produce more uniform plating.

Abstract: Covalently cross-linked, mixed-bed agarose-polyacrylamide matrices for electrophoresis and chromatography are disclosed. The mixed-bed matrices are formed by the copolymerization of a substituted agarose mixture with acrylamide monomers. The disclosed matrices have improved polymerization properties enabling the formation of gels which have higher porosity and elasticity than conventional gels and which are therefore particularly suited to the separation of intermediate size DNA fragments and high molecular mass proteins.

Abstract: A method is provided for removal of ferrous ions from a tin-plating electrolyte containing stannous ions in a multi-compartmented electrochemical cell equipped to convert the ferrous and stannous ions to insoluble hydroxides. The hydroxides, in an essentially air-oxygen free environment, are separated by selectively dissolving the ferrous hydroxide in an acidic solution and the undissolved stannous hydroxide in the tin plating electrolyte.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method for producing an oxide film wherein a sharp-pointed processing electrode is positioned close to the material to be processed in an oxygen-containing gas, and a voltage in the single digit range is impressed across the material and the electrode so that the surface of the material is positive and the electrode is negative thereby causing an electric current to flow across the material and the electrode. The surface of the material reacts electrochemically with oxygen adsorbed on the surface of the material to anodize the surface immediately proximate the electrode. The method makes possible the formation of a patterned oxide film with a resolution of 0.1 .mu.m or less, thus surpassing the limit of conventional oxide film production methods.

Abstract: A process for the preparation by electrodeposition of metal oxide film and powder compounds for ferroelectric memory materials and ferrites wherein the metal oxide includes a plurality of metals. The process comprises providing an electrodeposition bath, providing soluble salts of the metals to this bath, electrically energizing the bath to thereby cause formation of a recoverable film of metal on the electrode, recovering the resultant film as a film or a powder, and recovering powder formed on the floor of the bath. The films and powders so produced are subsequently annealed to thereby produce metal oxide for use in electronic applications. The process can be employed to produce metal-doped metal oxide film and powder compounds for transparent conductors. The process for preparation of these metal-doped metal oxides follows that described above.

Abstract: A method for removing sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides from a gaseous stream using a magnesium-enhanced lime scrubbing slurry containing a ferrous chelate where oxidized ferrous chelate is regenerated by electrochemical treatment. The spent scrubbing solution containing ferric chelates is passed as a catholyte, at an acidic pH of 4.0-6.5 through a cathode compartment while an anolyte solution containing magnesium sulfate, at a pH of 1.5 to 6.5 is passed through an anode compartment, the compartments separated by a microporous separator. An electrical current is passed from the cathode compartment to the anode compartment and ferric chelates are regenerated to ferrous chelates.