Abstract: An electron-emissive film (170, 730) is made from graphite and has a surface defining a plurality of emissive clusters (100), which are uniformly distributed over the surface. Each of the emissive clusters (100) has dendrites (110) extending radially from a central point (120). Each of the dendrites (110) has a ridge (130), which has a radius of curvature of less than 10 nm. The graphene sheets (160) that form the dendrites (110) have a (002) lattice spacing within a range of 0.342-0.350 nanometers.

Abstract: Liquid-cooled discharge lamps of, for example, UV type are employed for sterilising objects, for example, packaging containers for foods. In lamps displaying a U-shaped luminant body and with a surrounding liquid container or envelope, cooling is improved according to the invention in that the base is provided with inflow and outflow channels for liquid, an inflow channel being directed towards the curved section of the luminant body. Whereby, cooling of the warmest section of the luminant body will be optimised, which results in a considerably lengthened service life for the lamp.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus, according to the present invention, comprises a first substrate whereon are provided a functional element and electric wiring that is connected to the functional element, and a second substrate whereon is an area where an image is to be formed, and wherein, with the first substrate and the second substrate being located opposite to each other, space between the first substrate and the second substrate is kept in a pressure-reduced state so as to form an image in the area on the second substrate, and wherein the electric wiring is formed of a laminated conductive material by a process that plates a printed pattern, which is initially deposited by a printing process.

Abstract: In an electron-emitting component with a cold cathode comprising a substrate and a cover layer with a diamond-containing material consisting of nano-crystalline diamond having a Raman spectrum with three lines, i.e. at K=1334.+-.4 cm.sup.-1 with a half-width value of 12.+-.6 cm.sup.-1, at K=1140.+-.20 cm.sup.-1 and at K=1470.+-.20 cm.sup.-1, the cold cathode exhibits a low extraction field strength, a stable emission at pressures below 10.sup.-4 mbar, a steep current-voltage characteristic and stable emission currents in excess of 1 microampere/mm.sup.2. The electron emission of the component demonstrates a long-time stability, and a constant intensity of the electron beam across its cross-section.

Abstract: In a metal halide lamp which includes a discharge tube (2) retaining a fill of mercury and at least one metal halide added as a luminous material, an energy density of the arc discharge portion (3) represented by a product E.times.j is in the range of 70.0.ltoreq.E.times.j.ltoreq.150.0 (VA/mm.sup.3) where E=V/d, j=I/S, assuming that I is a lamp current in amperes with a lamp voltage of V volts applied between the paired discharge electrodes in a stable lighting condition of the lamp and that each of the electrodes has a tip face (1a, 1a') of which a cut area in section is S mm.sup.2 and the gap distance is d in millimeters, and thus a high luminous flux retention rate and high luminance of an arc discharge portion can be accomplished with a longer life of the lamp, suppressing a lamp voltage varying rate, and avoiding a change in color temperature, which remarkably improves additional merits when in utilization as a light source in various display apparatuses such as optical projection systems.

Abstract: In a spark plug for an internal combustion engine, a noble metal chip such as an iridium alloy chip is bonded on the tip of a center electrode made of a material such as nickel by laser beam welding. The noble metal chip contains another noble metal such as rhodium having a melting point lower than that of the noble metal chip. By laser welding, a molten bond containing the noble metal melted thereinto from the noble metal chip is formed at the junction of the noble metal chip and the center electrode. Alternatively, the noble metal to be melted into the molten bond may be supplied by a separate noble metal plate. The molten bond thus made has a high bonding strength and a small thermal stress, and thereby durability of the spark plug is improved.

Abstract: An electric lamp with an enclosed lamp capsule has reduced production manufacturing losses when manufactured with a split eyelet used to duct a lead through the lamp housing. The elongated tube portion of the eyelet has either thinned wall sections or splits formed along the tube axis. When the rivet is set, the tube wall distorts or gives way along the weakened axially lines. The housing glass is then not fractured during riveting, and after riveting the thermal expansion and contraction of the glass with respect to the rivet results in decreased pressure on the glass. The lamp with a split eyelet yields a higher percentage of lamps surviving the manufacturing process, and having fewer cracks or other rivet induced defects in final products.

Abstract: Piled-up films composed of different materials or composed of the same material manufactured by different methods or different conditions are used as an insulating layer for a field-emission cold cathode. The insulating layer may have a composition which is varied continuously in the thickness direction. A cross-section of the insulating layer may be made uneven. Preferably, a triple junction in which a substrate, the insulating layer, and a vacuum are in contact with one another, is disposed at a position which can not be seen from outside the device.

Abstract: The invention relates to a system composed of a halogen incandescent lamp d a matching socket, substantial advantages with regard to environmental friendliness and cost being achieved by using a high-voltage or medium-voltage halogen incandescent lamp having a simple glass cap and by holding the lamp in the socket on the glass cap, without the safety aspect being neglected.

Abstract: The spectral energy characteristic of a discharge lamp is controlled by changing the density of the fill substance. The spectral characteristic can be shifted while substantially maintaining its shape by changing the density of the fill. A sulfur or selenium containing discharge lamp which is operated at a pressure of at least about 1 atmosphere contains a low ionization potential substance in the fill. Characteristics which are improved are one or more of spatial color uniformity, extinguishing characteristics, and bulb starting reliability. Particular substances which are added to the fill are alkali metal containing substances, III B metal containing substances, and alkaline earth metal containing substances. When light is reflected back into the bulb, the light which is re-emitted is stronger in the higher wavelengths.

Abstract: The disclosure relates to a particle accelerator which comprises two accelerating tubes as well as a charge-exchange channel, whereby the vacuum pump for evacuating from said charge-exchange channel gas particles injected therein is not connected to the high-voltage side but, via a vacuum tube, to the low-voltage side of the particle accelerator. This means a substantial simplification of the maintenance of the vacuum pump. In addition to that a motor and a generator are no longer required. By providing the vacuum pump with equipotential plates, which comprise pump holes arranged eccentrically round the center of the vacuum tube, the gas particles are in this configuration are accelerated while retaining the high breakdown strength.

Abstract: A spark electrode assembly and method of assembling same is disclosed. A ceramic housing having a cylindrical passage provides clearance for a conductive metal electrode. The electrode has a tubular body with rod shaped wires inserted at each end, the wires extending outwardly from the tubular body at each of its ends colinearly. During assembly, the wires are crimped into the tubular body in such a manner that the tubular body is deformed outwardly forming bosses. The bosses are of such a size as to cause an interference fit between the tubular body and the housing passage so that the electrode is captured within the housing. An impact force on the electrode forces the tubular body to expand radially outwardly, thereby further engaging the ceramic housing for holding the electrode in the housing. That part of the electrode body that is not in contact with the housing still has ample room to expand within the housing.

Abstract: An organic EL device, includes an anode, an anode, an organic hole transporting layer over the anode, an organic luminescent layer on the organic hole transporting layer, an inorganic electron transporting layer over the organic luminescent layer, and a cathode on the electron transporting layer.

Abstract: An organic electroluminescent device with enhanced performance includes anode and cathode electrodes with organic material, single or multiple layers, positioned therebetween and in juxtaposition to each of the electrodes. The organic material is doped with an AMC dopant with a concentration in a range of approximately 0.1 Wt % to 15 Wt % in a region of the organic material adjacent to the cathode electrode. This doped region has a thickness in a range of approximately 20 .ANG. to 600 .ANG.. The dopant includes either a low work function alkaline metal compound, such as LiF, LiCl, KBr, MgF.sub.2, LiO.sub.2, MgO.sub.x, CaO.sub.x, and CsO.sub.x or a low work function alkaline metal alloy, such as Li--Al, Li--In, Sr--Al, Cs--Al.

Abstract: A heater-equipped spark plug comprises an insulator having an insulator nose which holds thereon a center electrode in the vicinity of a free end of an axial bore, a lead wire arranged along a surface of the insulator, a heater formed on the insulator nose by baking a metal paste and connected to the lead wire; and a high softening-point glass layer covering and holding the heater in place with an alumina layer interposed between the high softening-point glass and the heater. Preferably, the alumina layer can have a thickness of 20-200 .mu.m and the high softening-point glass layer can have a thickness of 30-500 .mu.m.

Abstract: The present invention provides a micro power switch comprising a cold cathode for emitting electrons, an anode for capturing the electrons emitted from the cold cathode, and a control electrode for controlling an amount of the electrons emitted from the cold cathode, wherein the cold cathode is made of material having a smaller electron emission barrier than the control electrode, the anode is applied with a positive potential in relation to the cold cathode, and the control electrode is applied with a potential equal to or lower than a potential of the cold cathode.

Abstract: It is possible to improve a vibration-proof band shaped grid element in a color selecting mechanism. In a color selecting mechanism 1 for a color cathode ray tube, in which a color selecting electrode thin plate (10) having a number of band shaped grid elements (8) and a slit shaped electron beam penetrating aperture (9) formed between respective neighboring grid elements (8), is seam-welded on a frame (6), the ratio of a length a of the above mentioned slit shaped electron beam aperture (9) to a distance (b) from an end portion of the above mentioned electron beam penetrating aperture (9) to a seam-welded orbit (17) or b/a.times.100 is set equal to or less than 2.5 percent.

Abstract: The invention concerns a gas discharge lamp or vessel wherein at least part of the lamp is in the form of a spiral. The windings of the coils forming the spiral are tightly-spaced (less than 1 mm apart). In addition to providing high amounts of light, the compact packaging resulting from the design offers safety advantages in that the electrical contacts are located deep within the vessel interior. Thus, the opportunity of contacting live electrical contacts in the event of glass breakage is lessened.

Abstract: A base structure for use with a flat panel field emission display device. A spacer layer is provided in the base assembly to generally planarize the base assembly prior to mechanical planarization. As a result, the base assembly is more reliable and permits improved manufacturing yields. In addition to improving planarity of the base assembly, the spacer layer may increase electrical isolation between the base electrodes and the grid electrodes of the field emission display.

Abstract: A magnet for use in a magnetic matrix display has a two dimensional array of apertures between opposite poles of the magnet. The direction of the magnetic field is such that the magnet generates, in each channel, a collimating magnet field for forming electrons from a cathode into an electron beam. A `keeper`, area around the periphery of the magnet is used to improve the linearity of the field strength in the apertures from apertures at the center of the magnet to apertures at the periphery of the magnet. The `keeper`, area may have control circuits placed on the surface of that area of the magnet. The keeper area may contain apertures which are not used for collimation and into which electrons are prevented from entering by a grid electrode or by a physical blocking means.