Abstract: A reactor for carrying out catalytic reactions. The reactor includes a reactor component optionally arranged on a central rod in a reactor tube. The reactor component can have fluid ducts for directing fluid flow through the reactor. The fluid ducts are effective for increasing heat transfer in the reactor. The reactor component can further have a washer attached to a top or bottom surface for directing fluid flow.

Abstract: A catalyst retainer includes an inner particle retention device having apertures and a first non-apertured section; and an outer particle retention device having apertures and a second non-apertured section. The inner and the outer particle retention devices are spaced apart to define a particle retaining space of the retainer. The first non-apertured section and the second non-apertured section define a blanked-off section of the particle retaining space, and the blanked-off section is spaced from an end of the particle retaining space. The catalyst retainer also includes a louver with at least a portion located between the blanked-off section and the end of the particle retaining space. The louver extends into the particle retaining space at an angle with respect to an inner surface of the inner particle retention device. The louver introduces the fluid to the top catalyst free surface in a more uniform manner and hence prevents particle movement and attrition.

Abstract: A fluid distribution device is presented for the collection and distribution of fluid between reactor beds. According to various aspects, the device includes a collection tray, a mixing chamber in fluid communication with the collection tray, a rough distribution tray in fluid communication with the mixing chamber, and a fine distribution tray in fluid communication with the rough distribution tray. The rough distribution tray includes an overflow weir with an upper liquid retention baffle.

Abstract: An apparatus is described, as including a reaction region for contacting a reactant gas with a reactive solid under conditions effective to form an intermediate product, and an opening for allowing an unreacted portion of the gaseous reagent and the intermediate product to exit the reaction region. The apparatus can be beneficially employed to form a final product as a reaction product of the intermediate product and the reactant gas. The reaction of the reactant gas and reactive solid can be conducted in a first reaction zone, with the reaction of the reactant gas and intermediate product conducted in a second reaction zone. In a specific implementation, the reaction of the reactant gas and intermediate product is reversible, and the reactant gas and intermediate product are flowed to the second reaction zone at a controlled rate or in a controlled manner, to suppress back reaction forming the reactive solid.

Abstract: A chemical reactor including: a plurality of heat exchange plates which between them define reaction compartments, in which reactor each heat exchange plate includes two walls between them defining at least one heat exchange space, the respective walls being fixed together by joining regions, and the reactor also comprises at least one injection device for injecting substance into the reaction compartments, said substance-injection device passing through the heat-exchange plates in respective joining regions thereof. Also, a chemical reaction process that can be carried out in this reactor.

Abstract: Digestion units for processing cellulosic biomass can comprise a chamber having a height that is greater than its width, the chamber having an opening suitable for solids introduction located within the upper 20% of its height; one or more first fluid conduits connected to the chamber within the lower 20% of its height, at least one of the first fluid conduits extending into the chamber and being elevated above the bottom of the chamber; one or more second fluid conduits connected to the chamber within the upper 20% of its height, at least one of the first fluid conduits being fluidly coupled to at least one of the second fluid conduits; a porous medium located in the chamber within the lower 20% of its height; and a movable pressure isolation device covering the opening; wherein the digestion unit is operable to maintain a pressure of at least about 30 bar.

Abstract: Integrated Combustion Reactors (ICRs) and methods of making ICRs are described in which combustion chambers (or channels) are in direct thermal contact to reaction chambers for an endothermic reaction. Particular reactor designs are also described. Processes of conducting reactions in integrated combustion reactors are described and results presented. Some of these processes are characterized by unexpected and superior results, and/or results that can not be achieved with any prior art devices.

Abstract: A fluidized bed reactor is provided. The fluidized bed reactor includes a screw conveyor configured to penetrate through an upper portion of the fluidized bed reactor and to discharge solid particles to an outside from the fluidized bed reactor. The screw conveyor is configured to have an upper end protrude from the upper portion of the fluidized bed reactor and a lower end located at a height equal to or higher than a height of a distributor of the fluidized bed reactor.

Abstract: A pulse jet system and method is disclosed. In an example, the pulse jet system includes a combustion chamber, intake ports to deliver combustion agents to the combustion chamber, an expansion chamber to cool a combustion product following combustion of the combustion agents in the combustion chamber, and an exhaust to exit the cooled gas from the expansion chamber. In another example, the pulse jet system includes a combustion chamber with intake ports to deliver combustion agents to the combustion chamber, wherein the combustion chamber is part of a four cycle engine. The pulse jet system also includes an expansion chamber to cool a combustion product following combustion of the combustion agents in the combustion chamber.

Abstract: A reactor includes a reaction part and a removal part. The reaction part is configured to generate at least two products as a result of a reaction of an unreacted material. The removal part is configured to selectively occlude at least one product from the at least two products so as to separate and remove the at least one product. The removal part includes an absorbent and a cooling unit. The absorbent releases heat at time of the selective occlusion of the at least one product. The cooling unit is configured to remove the heat released by the absorbent.

Abstract: There is provided a two part spray for the liberation and delivery of oxygen through the use of a first part that is a peroxide-containing solution and a second part that is a nanoparticle manganese dioxide catalyst. When the two parts are mixed together, the ensuing reaction results in the liberation of oxygen.

Abstract: An apparatus of producing a carbonate mineral includes a first reaction device including a fluid path along which an ion exchange solution moves; a cation exchange medium disposed in the fluid path, the cation exchange medium containing an alkaline earth metal; a second reaction device accommodating a sodium hydroxide aqueous solution and receiving the ion exchange solution containing an alkaline earth metal ion from the first reaction device; and a carbon dioxide supplying device supplying a carbon dioxide to the second aqueous solution.

Abstract: Tubular reactor for use in polymerization reactions having a design pressure PR of 40-65 barg. The reactor includes a tube with a wall, and at least a portion of the tube is oriented vertically, with at least part of the vertical portion being surrounded by a concentric jacket for the passage of cooling fluid. The design pressure in barg of the jacket PJ is less than 0.0018·PR2.25.

Abstract: A Fischer Tropsch (“FT”) unit includes at least one FT reactor tube. The FT reactor tube is configured to convert syngas into one or more hydrocarbon products. Inside the tube is a nano-sized catalyst particles dispersed in a micro-fibrous substrate. The FT reactor tube may be positioned within a cooling block that may be made of aluminum or another metal. The cooling block includes an aperture, wherein the FT reactor tube is housed within the aperture. At least one cooling channel is located on the cooling block. The cooling channel houses at least one cooling tube that is designed to dissipate the heat produced by the FT reaction.

Abstract: A SCC (Spinning Cone Column) includes a housing having a rotation axis, a supply part of at least one reactant formed inside of the housing, at least two spinning cones that are installed so as to have a constant gradient from the upper part to the lower part to the rotation axis, move reactants supplied through the reactant supply part, and rotate around the rotation axis, a fixed cone that is fixed and formed on the inner side of the housing, and provides a pathway for sequentially moving reactant from a spinning cone at the upper part to a spinning cone at the lower part, a product collection part for collecting reactants moved through the spinning cone and the fixed cone, and a driving part for rotating the spinning cone.

Abstract: Reactor bed component includes a foundation grate, a rigid structure and a fastener. The foundation grate has support plates spaced apart from each other by a distance and having a height with each support plate disposed at an angle. The rigid structure has first structure plates spaced apart by a multiple of the distance and disposed at the angle, and second structure plates secured to and disposed at an opposing angle. Each second structure plate has a horizontal extent to engage an upper edge of a corresponding support plate, and a number of the first structure plates have a length extending below the horizontal extent in overlapping relation with adjacent support plates to prevent horizontal movement of the rigid structure relative the foundation grate in a first direction. The fastener is disposed to secure the rigid structure to the grate against movement in a second direction opposite the first direction.

Abstract: A chimney tray for a reactor, wherein a gas reactant and a liquid reactant are mixed in chimneys to improve the dispersion performance of the liquid reactant on the catalyst bed of a fixed bed reactor thereby increasing the contact efficiency between the liquid reactant and the catalyst depending on the uniformity of flow of the liquid reactant, resulting in increased reaction efficiency, and which includes a tray having a plurality of through-holes, and a plurality of chimneys perpendicularly inserted into the through-holes of the tray and having one or more outlets penetrating there through and facing each other, wherein each of the plurality of chimneys includes a conical lower end which is formed such that it extends from the lower surface of the tray to make an angle of 10˜40° with respect to the direction of the normal line of the tray.

Abstract: An apparatus includes a heat transfer structure configured to be disposed at least partially within an enclosure of a fixed bed reactor and operable to transfer heat from a heat source to a heat sink. The heat transfer structure includes a plurality of fins each fin including a first end and a second end, the first end contacting an inner surface of the enclosure of the fixed bed reactor, the second end at least partially enclosed within the enclosure of the fixed bed reactor. A path of at least one of the plurality of fins comprises the shortest possible length between the first end of the at least one of the plurality of fins and the second end of the at least one of the plurality of fins.

Abstract: A reactor design and configuration and a process for the catalytic dehydration of propanol to propylene where the reactor train is comprised of a multi-stage single reactor vessel or multiple reactor vessels wherein each stage and/or vessel has different length, internal diameter, and volume than the other stages and/or vessels and in addition the stages and/or reactor vessels are connected in series or in parallel arrangement, preferably used with an improved means of introducing the propanol feedstock and a heat carrying inert gas to the improved reactor train.

Abstract: Provided is a fuel processing device including: a combustion unit equipped with a heat source; a desulfurization unit for extracting a sulfur component from the source gas; a reforming unit for generating, from the desulfurized source gas, a hydrogen-containing gas having hydrogen as a main component thereof; and a low-temperature conversion unit equipped with an exothermic catalyst for reducing the impurity concentration in the hydrogen-containing gas. The reforming unit and the desulfurization unit are configured so as to surround the combustion unit, and are disposed concentrically in the given order facing outwards from the combustion unit. The present invention further includes a preheating passage which is connected to the desulfurization unit, and which is provided to a bottom part of the combustion unit via a heat insulation material, such that the source gas is preheated by heat from the combustion unit.