Abstract: Proton conducting materials and membranes and electrochemical devices incorporating the materials and membranes are provided. Also provided are methods of making the materials and membranes and methods of operating the electrochemical devices. The proton conducting materials are solid acids that form superprotonic phases at elevated temperatures. The superprotonic phases have a cubic structure and the general formula: M(1?x)Hy]H2PO4, where M represents one or more monovalent cations or a combination of monovalent cations and divalent cations, 0<x?2/9, and y is a number that provides charge balancing.

Abstract: Provided are a moisture control apparatus, a moisture control method, a program, a storage medium, a produced object, a product, an apparatus, and a facility that can improve the characteristics of an object through moisture control. In a moisture control apparatus according to one aspect of the present invention, a predetermined voltage or current including a DC component and/or an AC component is applied to at least one electrode that generates at least one of an electric field, a magnetic field, an electromagnetic field, electromagnetic waves, sound waves, and ultrasonic waves to achieve a bonded state of moisture elements in an object disposed to face the electrode, so that a property of the object is able to be improved.

Abstract: Methods for enriching, separating, or enriching and separating isotopes and isotopologues, as well as other chemical species, contained in a supersonic beam are provided. In the methods, a supersonic beam having different isotopes, isotopologues, or other chemical species entrained therein and a beam comprising a matrix material converge on a surface. As the matrix material forms a solid matrix on the surface, heavier isotopes, isotopologues, and/or other chemical species become preferentially embedded in the matrix, while lighter isotopes, isotopologues, and/or other chemical species are preferentially scattered from the surface.

Abstract: Food containing water is improved. A fryer controls water which is an ingredient of food as an object placed between a pair of opposed plate antennas, to be more specific, the water activity of the object, by generating electromagnetic waves between the pair of opposed plate antennas. Then, the fryer applies a DC electric field of +100 V as an offset electric field on the water phase side relative to the oil phase in an AC electric field to irradiate food with electromagnetic waves at a frequency of 50 kHz. Thus, the interfacial polarization between the water phase and the oil phase can be increased to decrease the interfacial tension between the water phase and the oil phase by approximately 60% and bind water in a pearl-chain structure, thus decreasing the water activity.

Abstract: A technique of removing material from metal parts referred to as OPECM and a corresponding OPECM processing machine are disclosed. A tool electrode is manufactured for removing material from a target workpiece, and the workpiece and tool electrode are fixed into a processing machine that imparts an oscillatory motion path or profile and applies a voltage through a flowing electrolyte solution. The disclosed technique and processing machine removes material from the surface of the target workpiece through proximal surface dissolution as the workpiece and tool electrode are brought within proximity of one another.

Abstract: A method includes loading a wafer into a sputtering chamber, followed by depositing a film over the wafer by performing a sputtering process in the sputtering chamber. In the sputtering process, a target is bombarded by ions that are applied with a magnetic field using a magnetron. The magnetron includes a magnetic element over the target, an arm assembly connected to the magnetic element, a hinge mechanism connecting the arm assembly and a rotational shaft. The arm assembly includes a first prong and a second prong at opposite sides of the hinge mechanism. The magnetron further includes a controller that controls motion of the first arm assembly, enabling the first prong to revolve in an orbital motion path about the first hinge mechanism while the second prong remains stationary.

Abstract: An electrolyzer system includes a stack of solid oxide electrolyzer cells configured receive steam and output a hydrogen exhaust and an oxygen exhaust, a supplemental steam generator configured to generate the steam provided to the stack by vaporizing water using heat extracted from the oxygen exhaust, a water preheater configured to preheat water using heat extracted from the oxygen exhaust, and a primary steam generator configured to generate the steam provided to the stack by vaporizing the water preheated by the water preheater.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an apparatus for generating chlorine disinfectant that arranges, a salt water supply part, a hypochlorite generation part, a control part.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present disclosure include a system for depositing a layered nanolaminate alloy including a controller for an electrodeposition process that includes a waveform synthesizer circuit configured to generate a complex waveform signal corresponding to a desired electrodeposition waveform to be output from an electrodeposition power supply. The controller also includes a synthesizer control circuit configured to control the waveform synthesizer circuit. Based at least in part on a recipe having information related to the electrodeposition process, the synthesizer control circuit controls the generation of the complex waveform signal by modulating in real-time at least one of a waveform shape, a frequency, an amplitude, an offset, a slew, a wavelength, a phase, a velocity, and a derivative of the complex waveform signal. The controller further includes a controller output circuit configured to transmit the complex waveform signal to an input of the electrodeposition power supply.

Abstract: A sensor element includes an element body provided with a measurement-object gas flow section therein; a measurement electrode disposed in the measurement-object gas flow section; a measurement-object-gas side electrode disposed on the element body; a reference electrode disposed inside the element body; and a reference-gas introduction section having a reference-gas introduction space and a porous reference-gas introduction layer, the reference-gas introduction space introducing a reference gas into the element body, the porous reference-gas introduction layer causing the reference gas to flow from the reference-gas introduction space to the reference electrode. Limiting current A as a limiting current when oxygen is pumped out from a periphery of the reference electrode to a periphery of the measurement-object-gas side electrode is 30 ?A or lower, A×Ra as a product of a diffusion resistance Ra [/mm] of the reference-gas introduction space and the limiting current A is 50,000 or smaller.

Abstract: Various embodiments herein relate to carriers for supporting one or more substrate as the substrates are passed through a processing apparatus. In many cases, the substrates are oriented in a vertical manner. The carrier may include a frame and vertical support bars that secure the glass to the frame. The carrier may lack horizontal support bars. The carrier may allow for thermal expansion and contraction of the substrates, without any need to provide precise gaps between adjacent pairs of substrates. The carriers described herein substantially reduce the risk of breaking the processing apparatus and substrates, thereby achieving a more efficient process. Certain embodiments herein relate to methods of loading substrates onto a carrier.

Abstract: To enable taking in a biological sample at a position a predetermined distance away from an EWOD electrode, a biochemical cartridge, including a droplet passage on which a plurality of EWOD electrodes is arranged along a direction in which a sample droplet that is a droplet including a biological sample is transported, the plurality of EWOD electrodes configured to transport the sample droplet, and a sample take-in unit having a predetermined distance from an EWOD electrode at a tail end of the droplet passage, the sample take-in unit being provided at a position at which the biological sample in the sample droplet is taken in. When the biological sample is taken in, the sample take-in unit is located at a position lower than the droplet passage having the EWOD electrode at the tail end, and an area between the droplet passage and the sample take-in unit is smoothly connected.

Abstract: Provided is a carbon dioxide treatment device with improved energy efficiency in electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide, a carbon dioxide treatment method, and a method for producing a carbon compound.

Abstract: A method for microengineering a gradient structure on a metal surface. A metal surface including at least first, second, and third metal surface regions is exposed to a metal-removing agent. A portion of surface metal atoms is removed by the metal-removing agent in each of the first, second, and third metal surface regions. Sequential metal removal processes expose only the second and third regions to the metal-removing agent, followed by exposing only the third region to the metal-removing agent. A gradient metal surface is formed having different properties in each of the first, second, and third metal surface regions. In a further aspect, quantitative surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy may be performed using the treated metal surface. An amount of an analyte is determined based on its position in one of the first, second, or third metal surface regions.

Abstract: An energy conversion system includes a fuel synthesis device, an H2O supply unit, a CO2 supply unit, and a supply control unit. The fuel synthesis device includes an electrolyte, and a pair of electrodes provided on both sides of the electrolyte. The H2O supply unit supplies H2O to the fuel synthesis device. The CO2 supply unit supplies CO2 to the fuel synthesis device. The supply control unit controls a supply of H2O and a supply of CO2. The fuel synthesis device electrolyzes H2O and CO2 using external electric power, and synthesizes a hydrocarbon using H2 and CO generated by electrolysis. The supply control unit starts the supply of H2O to the fuel synthesis device by the H2O supply unit after the supply of CO2 to the fuel synthesis device by the CO2 supply unit is started.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing a structure, including photoelectrochemically etching an etching object, the photoelectrochemical etching of the etching object including: injecting an alkaline or acidic etching solution containing an oxidizing agent that receives electrons, into a rotatably held container in which an etching object at least whose surface is composed of group III nitride is held, and immersing the surface in the etching solution; irradiating the surface of the etching object held in the container with light in a stationary state of the etching object and the etching solution; and rotating the container to scatter the etching solution toward an outer peripheral side, thereby discharging the etching solution from the container, after the surface is irradiated with the light.

Abstract: An adhesive joining device for providing a connection between a metal surface and a body using an electrochemical etching device. The device has a vacuum holder to form a vacuum connection between the adhesive joining device and the metal surface. A tool changing holder receives at least two different tools in a time-staggered manner. A first tool can be an electrochemical etching cell for an electrolyte with an etching chamber which is oriented towards the metal surface, a feed for electrolyte, a drain, and two electrodes, one electrode being mechanically and electrically connected to the metal surface and the second electrode coming into contact with the electrolyte. A second tool is for holding and positioning the body to be adhered to the etched metal surface. The distance, position, alignment, and/or parallelity of the body to be adhered can be configured in a reliable and defined manner for the adhesion process.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, a film formation apparatus and a moisture removing method thereof that can facilitate the removement of moisture in the chamber without the complication of the apparatus are provided.

Abstract: A method is disclosed in which a gas of hydrogen and nitrogen, or hydrogen and ammonia, or hydrogen, nitrogen, and ammonia, is introduced to a fluidized bed. The gas flows through the fluidized bed, and titanium dioxide particles are introduced to the fluidized bed to form a fluid mixture of the particles and gas in the fluidized bed. The particles are reacted with the gas in the fluid mixture to form particles including titanium dioxide and nitrogen. The particles can be disposed along an air flow path in operative communication with a light source for air treatment.

Abstract: Various technologies are described herein pertaining to electrochemical etching of a semiconductor controlled by way of a laser that emits light with an energy below a bandgap energy of the semiconductor.