Abstract: The present disclosure relates to methods and novel intermediates useful in the preparation of a compound of formula I or pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate or amino acid, sulfate or glucuronide conjugate, or prodrug thereof, comprising the step of reacting a compound of formula I-4 with a halogenating reagent to provide a compound of formula I-5a

Abstract: A process for the production of methyl acetate by carbonylating dimethyl ether with carbon monoxide at a temperature of 250 to 350° C. in the presence of a zeolite catalyst and hydrogen such that the molar ratio of hydrogen to carbon monoxide is at least 1, and one or more compounds containing a hydroxyl functional group and in the absence of any added methyl acetate.

Abstract: A compound of Formula (I) in which one Rp is —NH2 and the two remaining Rp are independently selected from the group consisting of —OR4 and —NR1R4. A compound of Formula (X) in which one Rp is —NH2 and the two remaining Rp are independently selected from the group consisting of —OR4 and —NR1R4.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of 11-methylene steroids from di-keto steroids involves selective olefination of the ketone at position 11 of the di-keto steroids. The resulting 11-methylene steroid products can be used as intermediates in the preparation of the synthetic steroids, Etonogestrel and Desogestrel, as well as other pharmaceutically active agents.

Abstract: A method for preparing norbornyl (meth)acrylate by reacting norbornene with (meth)acrylic acid in the presence of boron trifluoride as catalyst, wherein a) boron trifluoride is initially charged in (meth)acrylic acid or an organic solvent, b) the initial charge is heated to a temperature of 75 to 110° C., c) norbornene is added or a mixture comprising norbornene and (meth)acrylic acid is added and d) the norbornyl (meth)acrylate obtained is isolated from the reaction mixture.

Abstract: A method for producing a methanol precursor, methyl trifluoroacetate, having high-purity includes the steps of (a) preparing methyl bisulfate by mixing a catalyst with an acid solution comprising a sulfur-containing acid to provide a first mixture and supplying methane gas to the first mixture to prepare the methyl bisulfate; and (b) preparing methyl trifluoroacetate (CF3CO2CH3) by adding trifluoroacetic acid (CF3CO2H) to the first mixture including the methyl bisulfate to provide a second mixture and distilling the second mixture under heating to prepare, separate and purify the methyl trifluoroacetate (CF3CO2CH3). Methanol may be produced by adding water to the methyl trifluoroacetate (CF3CO2CH3). A methyl ester represented by Formula 2 below may be produced by adding a carboxylic acid represented by Formula 1 below to the methyl trifluoroacetate (CF3CO2CH3): R1CO2H??(1), where R1 is selected from C1-C10 alkyl groups, R1CO2CH3??(2), where R1 is as defined in Formula 1.

Abstract: A process for producing an acetic acid product having low butyl acetate content via a carbonylation reaction. The carbonylation reaction is carried out at a temperature from 100 to 300° C., a hydrogen partial pressure from 0.3 to 2 atm, and a metal catalyst concentration from 100 to 3000 wppm, based on the weight of the reaction medium. The butyl acetate concentration in the acetic acid product may be controlled by removing acetaldehyde from a stream derived from the reaction medium and/or by adjusting at least one of reaction temperature, hydrogen partial pressure, and metal catalyst concentration.

Abstract: The present invention discloses an amino mercaptan compound, preparation method thereof and use thereof in radiation protection. The compound has the structure of formula I, wherein A1, A2, R1, R2, R5, R6, and R3 and R4 are defined herein. The compound has the effects of reducing the biological damage caused by ionizing radiation, extending the survival period and survival rate of the radiated animals, and significantly alleviating the side effects of radiotherapy, and has a low toxicity. The present invention opens up a new way for protection and treatment of ionizing radiation damage.

Abstract: Described herein are solid state 17?-ethynylandrost-5-ene-3?,7?,17?-triol including amorphous and crystalline forms and specific polymorphic forms thereof, and use of solid state 17?-ethynylandrost-5-ene-3?,7?,17?-triol in treating numerous diseases and disorders, including hyperglycemic conditions, such as type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome, autoimmune conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis, ulcerative colitis and type 1 diabetes, among other inflammation related conditions, and neurodegenerative conditions in subjects or human patients.

Abstract: Disclosed is a continuous process for producing ?,?-unsaturated carboxylic acids or salts thereof, comprising: 1) in a first stage, contacting (a) a transition metal precursor compound comprising at least one first ligand, (b) optionally, at least one second ligand, (c) an olefin, (d) carbon dioxide (CO2), and (e) a diluent to form a first composition; 2) in a second stage, contacting a polyanionic solid with the first composition to form a second composition; and 3) in a third stage, (a) contacting the second composition with a polar solvent to release a metal salt of an ?,?-unsaturated carboxylic acid and form a reacted solid. Methods of regenerating the polyanionic solid are described.

Abstract: It is an object of the present invention to provide methods for producing vitamin D that gives improved yields and reduced side product contamination. In various aspects, these methods provide for production of vitamin-D2 using ergosterol as provitamin D2 or a dihydroxy derivative thereof as a starting material, or production of vitamin-D3 using 7-dehydrocholesterol as provitamin D3 or a dihydroxy derivative thereof as the starting material. The methods described herein comprise irradiating the starting material in a solution including an organic or inorganic base with light in the wavelength range 245-360 nanometers (nm) to obtain a product containing pre-vitamin-D2 or pre-vitamin-D3, and heating the product to convert the resulting pre-vitamin-D2 or pre-vitamin-D3 to vitamin D2 or vitamin D3. In various embodiments, these methods further comprise recovering vitamin D2 or vitamin D3 from this reaction as a purified product.

Abstract: A process for quenching, in a quenching zone, a gaseous reaction mixture that includes a diisocyanate, phosgene and hydrogen chloride that is obtained in a reaction zone upstream of the quenching zone by phosgenation of a diamine in the gas phase. The process includes injecting a deposit preventing liquid in a deposit preventing zone located between the reaction zone and the quenching zone by passing the deposit preventing liquid through spray nozzles for the deposit preventing liquid at the entrance to the deposit preventing zone. Each spray nozzle for the deposit preventing liquid sprays the deposit preventing liquid (i) onto a wall segment of the deposit preventing zone that is adjacent to said spray nozzle for the deposit preventing liquid to produce a film of the deposit preventing liquid flowing along the wall, and/or (ii) to areas in a cross-sectional plane of the deposit preventing zone before the entrance to the quenching zone.

Abstract: The present invention relates to compounds which are intermediates in the synthesis of bile acid derivatives with pharmacological activity. The invention relates to compounds of general formula (I): wherein: , R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6 and Y are as defined herein. The compounds are intermediates in the synthesis of synthetic bile acids which are useful in the treatment of conditions such as liver disease. In addition, the invention relates to a method of synthesizing these intermediates and a method of preparing obeticholic acid and obeticholic acid analogues from the compounds of the invention.

Abstract: A process for preparing an anticorrosion component for an antifreeze by oxidizing an oxydiol of the formula (I) with molecular oxygen at a temperature of 20 to 100° C. and a partial oxygen pressure of 0.01 to 2 MPa in the presence of water and of a heterogeneous catalyst. The catalyst contains platinum to form an oxydicarboxylic acid of the formula (II) The process has the steps of conducting the oxidation (a) at a molar ratio of 0.002?n(Pt)/[n(oxydiol (I))+n(oxydicarboxylic acid (II))]?0.019; (b) at a concentration of water of 50% to 95% by weight in the liquid phase; and (c) at a pH of 1 to 7.

Abstract: An object of the present invention is to provide a method for producing methionine enabling efficient recovery and use of ammonia from a gas generated by concentrating a mother liquor. This production method comprises a recovery step of introducing a gas generated in a mother liquor concentration step into a gas washing tower in which water is recycled and bringing the gas into contact with the water to recover ammonia contained in the gas, and a ratio of flow of the water to flow of the gas introduced into the gas washing tower is 2 or more in terms of mass ratio. The water discharged from the gas washing tower is preferably cooled before introduction into the gas washing tower.

Abstract: The present invention relates to processes for preparing compounds of Formula (I) and Formula (II): These compounds are useful as FXR or TGR5 modulators.

Abstract: Metal-organic framework (MOFs) compositions based on post¬synthetic metalation of secondary building unit (SBU) terminal or bridging OH or OH2 groups with metal precursors or other post-synthetic manipulations are described. The MOFs provide a versatile family of recyclable and reusable single-site solid catalysts for catalyzing a variety of asymmetric organic transformations, including the regioselective boryiation and siiylation of benzyiic C—H bonds, the hydrogenation of aikenes, imines, carbonyls, nitroarenes, and heterocycles, hydroboration, hydrophosphination, and cyclization reactions. The solid catalysts can also be integrated into a flow reactor or a supercritical fluid reactor.

Abstract: Fouling of the acetic acid saturator by recycle gas in the continuous gas phase process for manufacture of vinyl acetate is reduced by adding an N-oxyl fouling inhibitor to the saturator and/or at one or more other addition sites in the process, in amounts such that the concentration of N-oxyl compound which accumulates in the saturator bottoms is from 10 to 100 ppm. The amount of N-oxyl compound in the saturator is preferably from 10-50 ppm. The reduction in fouling is evidenced by lessening the lowering of the heat transfer coefficient of the saturator over time.

Abstract: The present invention relates to compounds of Formulas 3-6, where R4 PG1 and PG2 are defined as disclosed herein. These compounds are useful as intermediates in processes for preparing a compound of Formula I: where R1 is defined as disclosed herein.

Abstract: Device and methods for use in a biosensor comprising a multisite array of test sites, the device and methods being useful for modulating the binding interactions between a (biomolecular) probe or detection agent and an analyte of interest by modulating the pH or ionic gradient near the electrodes in such biosensor. An electrochemically active agent that is suitable for use in biological buffers for changing the pH of the biological buffers. Method for changing the pH of biological buffers using the electrochemically active agents. The methods of modulating the binding interactions provided in a biosensor, analytic methods for more accurately controlling and measuring the pH or ionic gradient near the electrodes in such biosensor, and analytic methods for more accurately measuring an analyte of interest in a biological sample.