Abstract: This disclosure provides routes of synthesis of acrylic acid and other ?,?-unsaturated carboxylic acids and their salts, including catalytic methods. In an aspect, there is provided a process for producing an ?,?-unsaturated carboxylic acid or a salt thereof, the process comprising: (1) contacting in any order a group 8-11 transition metal precursor compound comprising at least one first ligand, at least one second ligand, an olefin, carbon dioxide, a diluent, and an anionic polyaromatic resin with associated metal cations to provide a reaction mixture; and (2) applying conditions to the reaction mixture suitable to produce the ?,?-unsaturated carboxylic acid or a salt thereof. Methods of regenerating the polyaromatic resin with associated metal cations are described.

Abstract: A method for producing (meth)acrylic acid comprising: a step of obtaining a (meth)acrylic acid-containing gas by subjecting a (meth)acrylic acid production raw material to a catalytic gas phase oxidation reaction; a step of obtaining a (meth)acrylic acid-containing liquid by bringing the (meth)acrylic acid-containing gas into contact with a collection solvent and/or condensing the (meth)acrylic acid-containing gas by cooling; a step of obtaining crude (meth)acrylic acid by introducing the (meth)acrylic acid-containing liquid into a low-boiling separation column; a step of obtaining purified (meth)acrylic acid and a refining residue containing a glyoxal compound by purifying the crude (meth)acrylic acid; and a step of returning at least a part of the refining residue to the low-boiling separation column; wherein a returning position of the refining residue to the low-boiling separation column is located closer to a bottom side of the low-boiling separation column than a supply port of the (meth)acrylic acid-co

Abstract: Improved initiators, solvents, and SO3 mixtures are disclosed which can increase the yields and efficiency of a process which converts methane gas into methane-sulfonic acid (MSA). MSA is valuable in its own right, or it can be processed to create desulfured fuels and other chemicals. Preferred initiators have been identified, comprising at least one “primary” initiator, and at least one “extender” (or secondary, supplemental, enhancing, tuning, tweaking, or similar terms) initiator. “Primary” initiator(s) include (unmethylated) Marshall's acid, mono-methyl-Marshall's acid, and di-methyl-Marshall's acid, while a secondary/extender initiator comprises methyl-Caro's acid, which can oxidize sulfur DI-oxide (an unwanted chain terminator) into sulfur TRI-oxide (an essential reagent). Other enhancements to the MSA manufacturing process also are described.

Abstract: The invention of the present application relates to the process for the preparation of intermediates of obeticholic acid and their conversion to obeticholic acid. The process involves the conversion of compound of formula (VI) to compound of formula (VII) in presence of an organic base.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for preparing an isocyanate by reacting a primary amine with phosgene, comprising I) providing an amine solution, II) providing a phosgene solution, III) mixing the amine solution with the phosgene solution in a mixing unit, followed by IV) further conversion in an adiabatically operated reaction zone and the removing of the gas phase formed as a result of the chemical reaction in a separation zone, V) expanding the remaining liquid phase in two or three stages, VI) further conversion of the liquid phase remaining after the last expansion stage in an indirectly heated reaction zone and VII) isolating the isocyanate from the reaction solution obtained therein.

Abstract: A catalyst includes a support, where the support includes an external surface, about 60 wt % to about 99 wt % silica, and about 1.0 wt % to about 5.0 wt % alumina. A catalytic layer is disposed within the support adjacent to the external surface, where the catalytic layer further includes Pd, Au, and potassium acetate (KOAc). In the catalyst, (a) the KOAc is from about 60 kg/m3 to about 150 kg/m3 of the catalyst; or (b) the catalytic layer has an average thickness from about 50 ?m to about 150 ?m; or (c) both (a) and (b). The catalyst also possesses a Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area of about 130 m2/g to about 300 m2/g and a geometric surface area per packed bed volume from about 550 m2/m3 to about 1500 m2/m3. The catalyst is highly active for the synthesis of vinyl acetate monomer and exhibits a high selectivity for vinyl acetate monomer.

Abstract: A compound of Formula I: is disclosed. A method of preparing the compound of Formula I is also disclosed. R is alkyl, haloalkyl, aryl, or substituted aryl.

Abstract: A process for solubilizing a resveratrol glycolate compound by heating the resveratrol glycolate and mixing the resveratrol glycolate with one or more glycols is disclosed. The process comprises an initial heating step of the resveratrol compound to a temperature not greater than 45° C. and a mixing step that mixes the heated resveratrol glycolate compound with at least one glycol solvent at room temperature for ten minutes to one hundred and twenty minutes.

Abstract: A process for preparing an isocyanate by reacting a primary amine with phosgene. The process includes providing an amine solution and adjusting its temperature in a heat exchanger, providing a phosgene solution and adjusting its temperature in a heat exchanger, mixing the amine solution with the phosgene solution, further conversion in an adiabatically operated reaction zone and the removing of the gas phase formed as a result of the chemical reaction in a separation zone, expanding the remaining liquid phase, further conversion of the liquid phase remaining after expansion in an indirectly heated reaction zone, and isolating the isocyanate from the obtained reaction solution. The temperature in the reaction zone and the temperature in the separation zone is adjusted by fixing a target value of 110° C. to 145° C.

Abstract: The problem to be solved by the present invention is to provide a novel method for producing a difluoromethylene compound. This problem is solved by a method for producing a difluoromethylene compound containing a —CF2— moiety, the method comprising step A of mixing: a) a carbonyl compound containing a —C(O)— moiety; b) optionally an amine; c) a fluoride represented by the formula: MF, wherein M represents a Group 1 element of the periodic table; d) a halogenated fluorine compound represented by the formula: XFn, wherein X represents chlorine, bromine, or iodine, and n is a natural number of 1 to 5; and e) sulfur chloride.

Abstract: A production method in which a mercaptophenol compound is obtained using an industrially preferred sulfur atom introduction reaction, and intermediate compounds of the mercaptophenol compound are provided. A method for producing a mercaptophenol compound in which a phenyl carbamate compound is produced using a phenol compound as a raw material, and then a sulfur atom is regioselectively introduced by a reaction with sulfur monochloride, and a phenyl mercaptocarbamate compound is produced as an intermediate.

Abstract: The present invention in one embodiment provides a method of treating Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy, comprising administering to a subject in need of such treatment a compound of Formula I: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the variables shown in Formula I are as defined in the specification.

Abstract: A process for manufacturing a carboxylic acid is provided, in one aspect, the process comprises oxidizing a feedstock comprising a substituted aromatic hydrocarbon to form a liquid-phase aromatic carboxylic acid; crystallizing at least a portion of the liquid-phase aromatic carboxylic acid in the presence of oxygen and an oxidation catalyst in a first crystallizer to form solid aromatic carboxylic acid, under reaction conditions suitable to oxidize unreacted feedstock to form additional aromatic carboxylic acid; and crystallizing at least a portion of the first crystallization effluent in the presence of oxygen and an oxidation catalyst in a second crystallizer to form additional solid aromatic carboxylic acid, under reaction conditions suitable to oxidize unreacted feedstock to form additional aromatic carboxylic acid, wherein the oxygen is present in a gaseous phase inside the second crystallizer in an amount of no more than 11% by volume on a dry basis.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method for preparing a 2-fluoroacrylate, comprising the steps of: (1) mixing a vinyl ether having the structure of formula A with dichloromonofluoromethane to yield a substituted cyclopropane compound having the structure of formula B; (2) mixing the substituted cyclopropane compound having the structure of formula B with R2OH to yield an acetal product having the structure of formula C, followed by hydrolysis to yield 2-fluoroacrylaldehyde having the structure of formula D; or reacting the substituted cyclopropane compound having the structure of formula B with water to yield 2-fluoroacrylaldehyde having the structure of formula D via hydrolysis; (3) oxidizing 2-fluoroacrylaldehyde having the structure of formula D to yield 2-fluoroacrylic acid having the structure of formula E; and (4) mixing 2-fluoroacrylic acid having the structure of formula E with R3OH to yield a 2-fluoroacrylate having the structure of formula F.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for the preparation of estra-1,3,5(10)-trien-3, 15a, 16a, 17?-tetraol (estetr-01), via a silyl enol ether derivative 17-B-oxy-3-A-oxy-estra-1,3,5(10), 16-tetraene, wherein A is a protecting group and B is —Si(R2)3. The invention further relates to a process for the synthesis of 3-A-oxy-estra-1,3,5(10), 15-tetraen-17-one, in which A is a protecting group, via silyl enol ether derivative 17-B-oxy-3-A-oxy-estra-1,3,5(10),16-tetraene, and B is —Si(R2)3.

Abstract: An exemplary process for the production of alkali metal salts of dialkyldithiocarbamic acids produced according to the following steps: i) reaction of one or more dialkylamines, carbon disulphide and alkali metal hydroxides to form alkali metal salts of dialkyldithiocarbamic acids; ii) crystallisation to form a crystal suspension of alkali metal salts of dialkyldithiocarbamic acids; iii) separation of crystals of alkali metal salts of dialkyldithiocarbamic acids from the mother liquor in step ii; (iv) recirculation of the separated mother liquor into the crystallisation process; and v) drying of the alkali metal salts of dialkyldithiocarbamic acids.

Abstract: A process for producing acetic acid is disclosed in which the methyl iodide concentration is maintained in the vapor product stream formed in a flashing step. The methyl iodide concentration in the vapor product stream ranges from 24 to less than 36 wt. % methyl iodide, based on the weight of the vapor product stream. In addition, the acetaldehyde concentration is maintained within the range from 0.005 to 1 wt. % in the vapor product stream. The vapor product stream is distilled in a first column to obtain an acetic acid product stream comprising acetic acid and up to 300 wppm hydrogen iodide and/or from 0.1 to 6 wt. % methyl iodide and an overhead stream comprising methyl iodide, water and methyl acetate.

Abstract: A method for separating a homogeneous catalyst from a solution includes forming a host-guest compound between a first isomer of the catalyst and inclusion compound in the solution and isolating the host-guest compound from the solution. The catalyst may be released from the inclusion compound by converting the first isomer of the catalyst to a second isomer of the catalyst.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method for producing methionine characterized by comprising a step of hydrolyzing 5-[2-(methylthio)ethyl]imidazolidine-2,4-dione in the presence of an alkali compound to obtain a reaction solution containing an alkali salt of methionine, a step of precipitating methionine by introducing carbon dioxide into the reaction solution to obtain a first slurry containing the methionine, a step of allowing the first slurry to flow into a pressurized filter and obtaining the solid methionine and mother liquor from the first slurry, and a step of recovering carbon dioxide from the mother liquor. By the present production method, the carbon dioxide introduced in the crystallization step is suppressed from being released from the mother liquor, and the carbon dioxide can be recovered.

Abstract: The current invention offers a process for the production of N-Boc-2-amino-3,3-dimethylbutyric acid by a reaction of tert-Leucine with di-tert-butyl-dicarbonate, the process comprising (i) contacting the tert-Leucine with di-tert-butyl-dicarbonate in an aqueous medium, optionally comprising a first organic solvent, in the presence of an inorganic base, (ii) optionally removing the first organic solvent, (iii) optionally extracting the resulting N-Boc-2-amino-3,3-dimethylbutyric acid into a second organic solvent, (iv) isolating the product by precipitation from the reaction mixture at acidic pH, and (v) optionally reuse the first and/or second organic solvents recovered from step (ii) and/or step (iv) for the next production cycle. The process is sufficiently short, uses preferably environmental friendly solvents, avoids waste and leads to good yields.