Abstract: A process for liquefying a cellulosic material to produce a liquefied product from cellulosic material is provided. Products obtained from such process and use of such products to prepare biofuels is also provided.

Abstract: In a process for producing cyclohexylbenzene, benzene is contacted with hydrogen under hydroalkylation conditions effective to form a first effluent stream comprising cyclohexylbenzene, cyclohexane, methylcyclopentane, and unreacted benzene. At least a portion of the first effluent stream is contacted with a dehydrogenation catalyst under dehydrogenation conditions to convert at least a portion of the cyclohexane to benzene thereby forming a second effluent stream. The amount of methylcyclopentane in the second effluent stream is different by no more than 65% of the total amount of the portion of the first effluent stream, said amounts being on a weight basis. A methylcyclopentane-containing stream is removed from either the first or the second effluent stream and at least a portion of the second effluent stream containing benzene is recycled to the hydroalkylation step.

Abstract: Methods and systems for making dibasic esters and/or dibasic acids using metathesis are generally disclosed. In some embodiments, the methods comprise reacting a terminal olefin ester with an internal olefin ester in the presence of a metathesis catalyst to form a dibasic ester and/or dibasic acid. In some embodiments, the terminal olefin ester or the internal olefin ester are derived from a renewable feedstock, such as a natural oil feedstock. In some such embodiments, the natural oil feedstock, or a transesterified derivative thereof, is metathesized to make the terminal olefin ester or the internal olefin ester.

Abstract: The invention relates to an arrangement for feeding heat-sensitive feedstock to a fixed-bed reactor system comprising means for product recycle and a fixed-bed reactor system comprising a fixed-bed reactor comprising at least one reaction zone having at least one catalyst bed and said reaction zone comprising a cold feed distributor arranged on top of each catalyst bed and a conventional distributor arranged above each cold feed distributor. Also a method is provided for feeding heat-sensitive feedstock to a fixed-bed reactor system wherein said fixed-bed reactor system comprises means for product recycle and a fixed-bed reactor comprising at least one reaction zone having at least one catalyst bed and said reaction zone comprising a cold feed distributor arranged on top of each catalyst bed and a conventional distributor arranged above each cold feed distributor.

Abstract: A liquid fuel formed by the mixture of toluene, meta-xylene and n-hexane, in proportions of between 50 and 70% of toluene, between 10 and 20% of meta-xylene and between 20 and 30% of n-hexane.

Abstract: Disclosed are methods and apparatuses for recovering and reusing energy when processing materials with reactive fluids. More particularly, disclosed are methods and apparatuses for recovering and reusing energy from processes in which materials comprising polymers and/or oligomers are treated with a reactive fluid.

Abstract: A method to generate a ternary carburizing gas mixture, using a reaction of selective hydrogenation of acetylene in a stream of hydrocarbons to the form of ethylene, comprising the following steps: heating of the inside of the reactor with an inert gas to an operating temperature for a period of 20 minutes at a temperature of 300° K, passing a mixture of hydrogen and acetylene by the regiospecific catalyst, and moving out the reaction products on the outside after passing the mixture through the regiospecific catalyst, but generation is effected in a continuous mode in the operating temperature range of the regiospecific catalyst between 293° K and 398° K, preferably at a temperature of 350° K.

Abstract: We provide processes, and process units for practicing the processes, comprising a. regenerating a used catalyst comprising an ionic liquid catalyst and a chloride, from an alkylation reactor, in a hydrogenation reactor to produce a regenerated catalyst effluent; b. separating at least a portion of the regenerated catalyst effluent into a gas fraction comprising a hydrogen gas and into a light hydrocarbon fraction comprising a hydrogen chloride; c. recycling at least a part of the gas fraction comprising the hydrogen gas to the hydrogenation reactor; and d. recovering at least an amount of the light hydrocarbon fraction comprising the hydrogen chloride and recycling the at least the amount of the light hydrocarbon fraction to the alkylation reactor. The alkylation process units comprise a hydrogenation reactor, a fractionation unit, and connections for transmitting the gas fraction to the hydrogenation reactor and for transmitting the light hydrocarbon fraction to the alkylation reactor.

Abstract: A renewable fuel may be obtained from a bio-oil containing C3-C5 oxygenates. In a first step, the bio-oil is subjected to a condensation reaction in which the oxygenates undergo a carbon-carbon bond forming reaction to produce a stream containing C6+ oxygenates. In a second step, the stream is hydrotreated to produce C6+ hydrocarbons.

Abstract: The invention describes a process for the production of middle distillate hydrocarbon bases from an ethanol feedstock that is produced from a renewable source that is obtained from biomass, comprising a stage for purification of said feedstock, a stage for dehydration of said purified feedstock into an effluent that is for the most part ethylene and comprises water, at least one stage for separating water, a first stage for oligomerization of the effluent that is for the most part ethylene into at least one olefinic effluent that comprises at least 80% by weight of olefins that have four or more carbon atoms, in the presence of a homogeneous catalyst that comprises at least one bivalent nickel compound, whereby a second oligomerization stage produces middle distillate hydrocarbon bases in the presence of an amorphous or zeolitic catalyst that has at least pore openings that contain 10 or 12 oxygen atoms, producing middle distillate hydrocarbon bases, and a fractionation stage.

Abstract: Selective, radically initiated oxidative decarboxylation may produce low viscosity renewable fuels from biologically derived fats and oils. Fatty acids and triglycerides may be decarboxylated using oxidants at a water/oil interface. The oxidants may be produced using photo-Fenton reagents. The reaction advantageously can be carried out at room temperature and pressure and has fewer unwanted byproducts than traditional decarboxylation techniques.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method for revamping an HF or sulphuric acid alkylation unit to an ionic liquid alkylation unit, wherein the HF or sulphuric acid alkylation unit comprise at least: —a reactor unit for contacting catalyst and hydrocarbon reactants; —a separator unit for separating a reactor effluent into a catalyst phase and an alkylate-comprising hydrocarbon phase; —a fractionator unit for fractionating the alkylate-comprising hydrocarbon phase into at least one stream comprising alkylate; —a catalyst phase recycle means to recycle at least part of the catalyst phase from the separator unit to the reactor unit; which method includes: —adapting the catalyst phase recycle means by providing a means for acid injection and/or a means for halohydrocarbon injection into the catalyst recycle means. The invention further provides a method for the production of alkylate.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and devices for liquid hydrocarbon fuel production, hydrocarbon chemical production, and aerosol capture are provided. For example, a carbon-oxygen-hydrogen (C—O—H) compound may be heated to a temperature of at least 800 degrees Celsius such that the C—O—H compound reacts through a non-oxidation reaction to generate at least a hydrocarbon compound that may be at least a component of a liquid hydrocarbon fuel or a hydrocarbon chemical. The liquid hydrocarbon fuel may be a liquid when at a temperature of 20 degrees Celsius. The C—O—H compound may include biomass. In some cases, the hydrocarbon compound produced through the non-oxidation reaction includes a hydrocarbon aerosol form as the hydrocarbon compound at least as it is produced or cools. Some embodiments include aerosol capture methods, systems, and devices, which may include passing a hydrocarbon aerosol form through a material in a liquid phase in order to gather the aerosol material.

Abstract: A method of refining a natural oil includes: (a) providing a feedstock that includes a natural oil; (b) reacting the feedstock in the presence of a metathesis catalyst to form a metathesized product that includes olefins and esters; (c) passivating residual metathesis catalyst with an agent selected from the group consisting of (i) a salt and/or an ester of a phosphorous oxo acid, (ii) a derivative of the phosphorous oxo acid in which at least one P—H bond has been replaced by a P—C bond, (iii) a salt and/or an ester of the derivative, and (iv) combinations thereof; (d) separating the olefins in the metathesized product from the esters in the metathesized product; and (e) transesterifying the esters in the presence of an alcohol to form a transesterified product and/or hydrogenating the olefins to form a fully or partially saturated hydrogenated product.

Abstract: A process is described for making a product mixture including isobutene, propylene, 1-butene, 2-butene, 2-methyl-1-butene and 2-methyl-2-butene from a mixture of acetic acid and propionic and through reaction in the presence of a source of hydrogen and of a mixed oxide catalyst, for example, a ZnxZryOz mixed oxide catalyst. A variety of commercially valuable products may be made in turn from the various C3, C4 and C5 constituents of the product mixture.

Abstract: Methods and systems for improved catalytic reforming are disclosed. A method of catalytic reforming includes feeding a feedstream comprising C6-convertibles to one or more reactors; contacting the feedstream with a reforming catalyst; selecting values for a LHSV, a H2/HC ratio, and a conversion of C6-convertibles from a deactivation kinetic model so as to maximize a net present amount of benzene produced over a run-length of the reforming catalyst; operating the one or more reactors at the selected LHSV, the selected H2/HC ratio, and the selected conversion of C6-convertibles; and recovering an effluent from the reactor, wherein the effluent comprises at least about 40 wt % benzene.

Abstract: Process for producing alkene(s) from an oxygenate feedstock in a reactor by dehydration in the presence of a supported heteropolyacid catalyst. The pore volume of the supported heteropolyacid catalyst satisfies the following formula: PV>0.6?0.3[HPAloading/Surface Area of Dried Catalyst]where; PV is the Pore Volume of the dried supported heteropolyacid catalyst (measured in ml/g catalyst); HPA loading is the amount of heteropolyacid present in the dried supported heteropolyacid catalyst (measure in micro moles/g); and Surface Area of Dried Catalyst is the surface area of the dried supported heteropolyacid catalyst (measured in m2/g).

Abstract: A renewable fuel may be obtained from a bio-oil containing C3-C5 oxygenates. In a first step, the bio-oil is subjected to a condensation reaction in which the oxygenates undergo a carbon-carbon bond forming reaction to produce a stream containing C6+ oxygenates. In a second step, the stream is hydrotreated to produce C6+ hydrocarbons.

Abstract: A method for producing a hydrocarbon blendstock, the method comprising contacting at least one saturated acyclic alcohol having at least three and up to ten carbon atoms with a metal-loaded zeolite catalyst at a temperature of at least 100° C. and up to 550° C., wherein the metal is a positively-charged metal ion, and the metal-loaded zeolite catalyst is catalytically active for converting the alcohol to the hydrocarbon blendstock, wherein the method directly produces a hydrocarbon blendstock having less than 1 vol % ethylene and at least 35 vol % of hydrocarbon compounds containing at least eight carbon atoms.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for the alkylation of an organic compound comprising: (a) providing a catalyst comprising one or more zeolitic materials having a BEA framework structure, wherein the BEA framework structure comprises YO2 and optionally comprises X2O3, wherein Y is a tetravalent element, and X is a trivalent element, (b) contacting the catalyst with one or more alkylatable organic compounds in the presence of one or more alkylating agents in one or more reactors for obtaining one or more alkylated organic compounds, wherein the one or more zeolitic materials is obtainable from a synthetic process which does not employ an organotemplate as structure directing agent.