Abstract: Electrically conductive polymers derived from heterocyclic polycyclic monomers formed of at least two cycles of five condensed members, each cycle containing one heteroatom, as well as a method of electrochemical polymerization by anodic oxidation of these monomers. These polymers may become part of composite electroconductive material.

Abstract: An ion exchange membrane cell which comprises an anode, a cathode, and an anode compartment and a cathode compartment partitioned by an ion exchange membrane. The ion exchange membrane is a cation exchange membrane having a gas and liquid permeable porous non-electrode layer on at least one side thereof, and the cation exchange membrane is formed by a fluorinated polymer having sulfonic acid groups and ion exchange groups having weaker acidity than the sulfonic acid groups.

Abstract: In order to coat hollow bodies, which are open at one end, such as a metal can provided with a bottom, with a lacquer or the like, the hollow bodies are passed in a continuous operating cycle through en electrophoretic immersion bath in such a way, that they are rapidly and completely flooded with immersion bath liquid, so that they can be coated electrophoretically with a wet film in the immersion bath. After a sufficiently long coating time, the hollow bodies are lifted out of the immersion bath and the immersion bath liquid, contained in them, is poured out. The hollow bodies, so coated, are carried at a distance from each other to a drying kiln, in which they are dried, whereupon they can be printed or labelled.

Abstract: An electrolytic bath for coating articles of aluminum and its alloys consists essentially of an aqueous solution containing an alkali metal silicate, a peroxide, a water-soluble carboxylic group-containing organic acid and a water-soluble fluoride. A vanadium compound may also be included in the bath whenever the coated articles are intended to be used for decorative purposes. In the process, the aluminum article is immersed in the bath and a voltage shock is applied thereto by imposing a voltage potential between the aluminum metal serving as the anode and a cathode immersed in the bath. The voltage potential is quickly raised to about 300 volts within about 2 to about 10 seconds and thereafter, the voltage is increased gradually to about 450 volts within a few minutes until the desired coating thickness is formed.

Abstract: A technique for extracting gold or silver values from an organic liquid having phosphorus or sulfur oxide groups which contains silver or gold cyanide ions by direct electrolytic deposition from the organic phase onto a cathode is disclosed.

Abstract: An ion exchange membrane cell comprising an anode, cathode, and an anode compartment and a cathode compartment partitioned by an ion exchange membrane. The ion exchange membrane is a cation exchange membrane having a gas and liquid permeable porous non-electrode layer on at least one side thereof. The cation exchange membrane is composed of a fluorinated cation exchanger having carboxylic acid groups as its ion exchange groups and with its ion exchange capacity being varied in the direction of its thickness.

Abstract: An aqueous solution of an alkali metal chloride is electrolyzed by feeding said aqueous solution of an alkali metal chloride into an anode compartment and feeding an oxygen-containing gas in a cathode compartment in an ion exchange membrane cell comprising said anode compartment and said cathode compartment formed by partitioning an anode and a cathode with an ion exchange membrane to which a gas and liquid permeable porous layer made of inorganic particles having no anodic activity and a thickness thinner than the thickness of said ion exchange membrane is bonded and said cathode is an oxygen-reducing cathode.

Abstract: A method of removing sodium ions from an alkaline aqueous solution such as a leach solution which contains dissolved sodium tungstate. The method involves passing the solutions through the anode compartment of an electrolytic cell and passing an electrical direct current through the cell causing the sodium ions to pass through the cation selective membrane and tungstic acid to be produced in the anode compartment. Sodium-containing alkali is bled from the cathode compartment at a rate sufficient to prevent build-up of alkali in the cathode compartment. The tungstic acid is typically converted to ammonium tungstate by treatment with ammonia and then the ammonium tungstate further treated for recovery of the tungsten values.

Abstract: A process and apparatus are provided for recovering metals from dilute solution utilizing ion exchange and, optionally, electrolytic recovery. Ammonium salt regeneration solutions for use in the process and apparatus are also provided. In one aspect, the invention provides a closed loop process and apparatus whereby metals may be recovered from spent electroplating rinse solutions for reuse in the electroplating bath with essentially no generation of waste.

Abstract: A flow-through electrochemical cell for sequentially oxidizing and reducing an aryl compound. The cell includes a cell body forming a compartment to hold an aqueous electrolyte solution, a porous anodic electrode, and a porous cathodic electrode. The anodic electrode includes a first porous layer of a hydrophobic material, a second porous layer with an oxidation catalyst dispersed therein, and a current collector in electrical contact with the second layer. The cathodic electrode comprises a block of a porous, electrically-conductive material impregnated with lead particles. The cell is particularly useful for the preparation of aryl hydroquinones at very high current efficiencies, high current densities, and low voltages.

Abstract: A cation exchange membrane comprising a gas and liquid permeable porous non-electrode layer on at least one surface of said membrane and an electrolytic cell using thereof, wherein said porous layer is formed by many conductive or non-conductive particles or particle groups which are partially or wholly discontinuously bonded on said membrane.

Abstract: A process for converting amino carboxylic acid salts to their free acids employing a three compartment cell having sulfonic acid or carboxylic acid functional styrene divinylbenzene or fluorocarbon membranes forming the intermediate compartment between the anode and cathode compartments.

Abstract: An integrated photoelectrolytic apparatus for catalyzing the photodecomposition of a liquid electrolyte, such as water, into its gaseous decomposition products includes a photovoltaic section bonded mechanically and electrically to one surface of a porous electronically conductive barrier section which is arranged to inhibit the evolution of decomposition products at its pore surfaces. A catalyst for the electrolytic evolution of a decomposition product is applied to the opposite surface of said barrier section so that when the bonded-together sections are wetted by an electrolyte and light is incident on the photovoltaic section, one decomposition product evolves at the exposed surface of the photovoltaic section while another decomposition product evolves at the catalytic surface of the barrier section.

Abstract: Lead is recovered from lead-containing scrap metal in an electrolytic process employing an aqueous solution of C.sub.1-4 alkanesulfonic acid as the electrolyte at a high concentration, scrap lead as the anode, and an electroconductive cathode, impressing an electromotive force across the solution between the electrodes to provide a specified steady-state concentration of lead salt in the electrolyte, and continuing the process to deplete the anode and collect lead at the cathode.

Abstract: In the disclosed electrogenerative process for converting alcohols such as ethanol to aldehydes such as acetaldehyde, the alcohol starting material is an aqueous solution containing more than the azeotropic amount of water. Good first-pass conversions (<40% and more typically <50%) are obtained at operating cell voltages in the range of about 80 to about 350 millivolts at ordinary temperatures and pressures by using very high flow rates of alcohol to the exposed anode surface (i.e. the "gas" side of an anode whose other surface is in contact with the electrolyte). High molar flow rates of vaporized aqueous alcohol also help to keep formation of undesired byproducts at a low level.

Abstract: The invention relates to a luminescent material or phosphor having a solid matrix within which is distributed a fluorescent compound, its preparation process and its use in a photovoltaic cell.This luminescent material comprises a solid matrix having groups able to form hydrogen bonds, e.g. glass, polyamide or polyvinyl alcohol, and an organic compound which, by internal torsion, can have an excited state with charge transfer, distributed in the matrix, such as para-N,N-dimethylaminobenzonitrile (DMABN) or N,N-1-bimethylamino-4-cyanonaphtalene.

Abstract: The process for extraction of copper metal from copper sulfide ore comprises leaching copper sulfide ore with ferrous chloride solution, to produce copper chloride, and electrolysis of the copper chloride using adjacent electrolytic cells separated by a semi-permeable membrane. The leach liquor containing copper chloride is introduced into the cathode cell containing an aqueous electrolyte, and brine is introduced into the anode cell. The semi-permeable membrane is permeable by monovalent cations, permitting the flow of sodium ions or other monovalent cations from the anode to the cathode during electrolysis. Copper metal is withdrawn from the cathode and chlorine gas is removed from the anode for reclamation. The depleted copper chloride may be recycled for further electrolysis treatment. The depleted leach liquor may also then be treated with zinc powder and removed for further processing to remove lead, precious metals and other elements.

Abstract: Strong acid electrolytes are useful to acetoxylate substituted ethylbenzenes in acetic acid to substituted .alpha.-acetoxyethylbenzenes which can be converted to substituted vinylbenzenes.

Abstract: Oxidation reactions and unsaturation producing reactions are disclosed to be carried out in a solid-state electrocatalytic reactor for electrolytic energy conversion and chemicals production. Additional reactions are disclosed to be carried out in a solid-state electrocatalytic cross flow monolith which has a high ion transport surface area per reactor volume. The additional reactions include selected oxidation reactions, selected addition reactions, electrolysis of steam to hydrogen, decomposition of nitric oxide to nitrogen and oxygen and the manufacture of aluminum from Al.sub.2 O.sub.3 in a eutectic solution.

Abstract: A method for the purification of gases containing mercury and simultaneous recovery of the mercury in metallic form by a process where primarily a reaction takes place between metallic vapory mercury and mercury (II)-chloride compounds in solution in a liquid phase, during which the formation and deposition of only slightly soluble Hg (I)-chloride (calomel) occur, the deposited calomel being oxidized to easily soluble Hg (II)-chloride compounds by the adding of chlorine, and metallic mercury and at least some of the chlorine used being recovered by electrolysis of said formed Hg(II)-chloride.