Abstract: An apparatus including a radiant heating section and a flue gas stack; one or more process coils disposed within the radiant heating section; one or more fuel-fired burners disposed within the radiant heating section, the one or more fuel-fired burners configured for combusting a fuel and producing the combustion gas; one or more electrical heating elements disposed within the radiant heating section, the one or more electrical heating elements arranged to provide a second radiant energy to a lower elevation of the one or more process coils; and an internal baffle located at an elevation between the upper elevation and the lower elevation, the internal baffle arranged to provide shielding of the one or more electrical heating elements from flame and combustion gases from the one or more fuel-fired burners.

Abstract: Light olefins may be produced from hydrocarbons by a method including passing a hydrocarbon feed stream into one or more feed inlets of a reactor, with one or more co-feeds of steam, a recycle stream or oxygenates. The reactor may include an upper reactor portion defining an upper reaction zone and a lower reactor portion defining a lower reaction zone. The catalyst may move in a generally downward direction through the upper reactor portion and the lower reactor portion, and the hydrocarbon feed stream may move in a generally upward direction through the lower reactor portion and upper reactor portion such that the hydrocarbon feed stream and the catalyst move with a counter-current orientation. Contacting the catalyst with the hydrocarbon feed stream may crack one or more components of the hydrocarbon feed stream and form a hydrocarbon product stream.

Abstract: A hydrocarbon production apparatus includes a synthesis gas production unit structured to produce a synthesis gas containing carbon monoxide and hydrogen by using carbon dioxide and hydrogen, a hydrocarbon production unit structured to produce a hydrocarbon by using the synthesis gas, and a first separator structured to separate a recycle gas containing a light hydrocarbon having 4 or less carbon atoms from an effluent from the hydrocarbon production unit. The synthesis gas production unit is structured to receive supply of the recycle gas and also use the recycle gas for production of the synthesis gas.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a gasification process of a solid carbonaceous material by catalysis in molten salts. A carbonaceous material is contacted, for a defined period in the presence of air with a first molten salt bath. The first molten salt bath includes at least one chloride type salt chosen from NaCl, MgCl2, CaCl2, KCl, FeCl2 and which has a melting point greater than or equal to 300° C., a density greater than 1 measured in the liquid state and at atmospheric pressure. The gases formed are recovered, and are contacted with a second molten salt bath optionally different from said first bath and, at the outlet of said second bath, the recovered gases are either stored optionally under pressure, or reinjected into said first bath or said second bath.

Abstract: A method for processing hydrocarbons and carbon dioxide may include combining a hydrocarbon mixture with carbon dioxide to produce a reactant mixture, which may include at least 95 mol. % of the combination of the hydrocarbon mixture and the carbon dioxide. The molar ratio of carbon dioxide to the hydrocarbon mixture in the reactant mixture may be from 0.01 to 100. The hydrocarbon mixture may include from 30 mol. % to 90 mol. % of propane, 5 mol. % to 50 mol. % of n-butane, and 5 mol. % to 50 mol. % of iso-butane. The method may also include contacting the reactant mixture with a catalyst in a reactor to produce a product mixture and passing the product mixture out of the reactor. The product mixture may include from 5 mol. % to 50 mol. % of one or more olefins, 1 mol. % to 25 mol. % of hydrogen gas, and 1 mol. % to 25 mol. % of carbon monoxide.

Abstract: A process for making a mesophase pitch may include passing an aromatics-rich feed into a reactor and subjecting the aromatics-rich feed to a temperature of greater than or equal to 350° C. and a pressure of from 20 bar to 40 bar for a duration of from 4 hours to 10 hours in the reactor to produce the mesophase pitch. The total amount of molecular oxygen and peroxides in the reactor may be less than 1 mol. %. The aromatics-rich feed may include at least 80 wt. % aromatics and the aromatics-rich feed may include less than 3 wt. % of a combination of sulfur, nitrogen, and oxygen.

Abstract: An assistant system for solution-phase synthesis is disclosed. The assistant system for solution-phase synthesis includes: a reactor (1), a mixing device (2), a temperature control device (3) and a host computer (4). The reactor (1) is arranged on the mixing device (2), the mixing device (2) and the temperature control device (3) are both electrically connected to the host computer (4), so as to implement programmed temperature control over the entire assistant system for solution-phase synthesis. A bottle body (15) of the reactor (1) is arranged to include a reaction inner container (151), a temperature circulating layer (152) and a vacuum layer (153) from inside to outside in sequence.

Abstract: A system for treating non-petroleum or renewable feedstocks containing oxygen and contaminants of one or more of metals, gums, and resins comprises a reactor having a heat source for heating an interior of the reactor. The reactor is configured to receive the feedstock at a flow velocity of from 20 ft/sec to 100 ft/sec within the interior to facilitate heating the feedstock to a temperature of from 700° F. to 1100° F. to form a reactor product. A heat exchanger is configured to cool the reactor product and a separator unit is configured to separate metals, water, and gases comprising C1 or greater hydrocarbons from the cooled reactor product to form a final product. A reformer unit is configured to receive at least a portion of the gases for converting the at least one of C1 or greater hydrocarbons to produce hydrogen gas from the C1 or greater hydrocarbons.

Abstract: A system for cracking hydrocarbons including a fired heater having a radiant section and a convective section. The radiant coil is disposed within the radiant section of the heater, the radiant coil having three to seven rows of tubes, wherein each row comprises two multi-pass tubes, and wherein the multi-pass tubes of the three to seven rows of tubes are collectively disposed symmetrically or pseudo symmetrically within the radiant section of the heater. The system further including a transfer line exchanger fluidly connected to an outlet tube of each of the three to seven rows of tubes.

Abstract: Proposed is a geological hydrogen productivity evaluation system. The system may include a gas injection device configured to inject a reactive gas, a water vapor collecting device configured to collect water vapor generated in the gas injection device when the gas is injected. The system may also include a main reacting device in which a reaction between a solvent and a rock sample, which are loaded into the inside thereof, is performed using the gas supplied from the gas injection device. The system may further include a discharging device through which reactants generated by the reaction in the main reacting device are discharged, and a collecting device configured to collect gas from reactants produced by the reaction by being connected to the discharging device. The system may capture hydrogen from a reactant produced by the reaction of the rock sample in the main reacting device, in the collecting device.

Abstract: The present invention is a process of recycling plastics based on eliminating the need to pre-sort different plastic materials and using physics to separate plastic particles based on the gravitational weight of those particles. Plastics are grounded down into very small pellets using a uniform pressure cylinder with dimples. Then, the small plastic pellets are separated using a float-sink method. Using the float-sink separation method, the plastics can be lifted and organized by density and by gravitational weight from lower densities to higher densities using different gases or liquids with different gravity weights or densities.

Abstract: A method and associated system for producing refined hydrocarbons from waste plastics. The method and system provide for: pretreating waste plastics; producing pyrolysis gas by introducing the waste plastics pretreated in the pretreatment process into a pyrolysis reactor; producing in a lightening process pyrolysis oil by introducing the pyrolysis gas into a hot filter; and subjecting the pyrolysis oil to solvent extraction, wherein a liquid condensed in the hot filter is re-introduced into the pyrolysis reactor. The system produces refined hydrocarbons from the waste plastics.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a method of processing hydrocarbons including depressurizing a hydrocarbon stream, vaporizing at least a portion of a non-vapor phase hydrocarbon of the stream, and separating first and second products. The first product includes at least a portion of the vaporized stream's vapor phase hydrocarbon that became vapor during the vaporization, and the second product includes at least a portion of the vaporized stream remaining as non-vapor during the vaporization. The separation includes a gross separator such as a cyclone, a vane pack device, a knock-out drum optionally having a demister pad, or combination(s) thereof. Non-vapor phase droplets of the first product are removed from the first product of the stream using coalescing elements before processing in a pyrolysis reactor.

Abstract: A pyrolysis method and system are provided that utilizes a hydrogen gas or steam in order to enhance the pyrolysis oils produced from recycled plastic wastes. More particularly, the disclosed pyrolysis method and system may be configured to co-feed a hydrogen gas or steam and various types of waste plastics, including post-customer and post-industrial wastes, into a pyrolysis unit and thereby produce desirable pyrolysis oils.

Abstract: A method is provided for inputting thermal energy into fluidic medium in a process or processes related to oil refining and/or petrochemical industries by at least one rotary apparatus comprising a casing with at least one inlet and at least one exit, a rotor comprising at least one row of rotor blades arranged over a circumference of a rotor hub mounted onto a rotor shaft, and a stator configured as an assembly of stationary vanes arranged at least upstream of the at least one row of rotor blades. In the method, an amount of thermal energy is imparted to a stream of fluidic medium directed along a flow path formed inside the casing between the inlet and the exit by virtue of a series of energy transformations occurring when said stream of fluidic medium passes through stationary and rotating components of said rotary apparatus, respectively.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for hydrotreating a liquid oil stream such as pyrolysis oil stream by, in continuous operation, reacting the liquid oil stream with hydrogen in the presence of a nickel-molybdenum (Ni—Mo) based catalyst at a temperature of 20-240° C., a pressure of 100-200 barg and a liquid hourly space velocity (LHSV) of 0.1-1.1 h?1, and a hydrogen to liquid oil ratio, defined as the volume ratio of hydrogen to the flow of the liquid oil stream, of 1000-6000 NL/L thereby forming a stabilized liquid oil stream.

Abstract: Processes and systems for making recycle content hydrocarbons, including olefins, are provided that integrate a cracker unit with one or more other processing units. For example, in some cases, a pyrolysis unit and cracking unit may share a common energy exchange zone so that energy from one unit may be transferred to the other. The energy exchange may be direct or indirect and may be present at one or more locations between the units.

Abstract: A system for refining crude oil to minimize emissions of toxic compounds in the atmosphere during refining. The crude oil is treated with viscosity-reductant additives, reducing viscosity by up to 50% and increasing API gravity by more than 2 points. The method of spray-cracking and vacuum-flashing of crude oil, the system separates light and heavy end chains within the reactor. The vapor is condensed into designer fuels using a multi-stage horizontal reverse condensate-condenser or closed-loop distillation tower. Process heater directs flue gases through high-salinity fluids, such as a brine-processing device to capture, sequester, or mineralize the CO2, CO, NOx, and other contaminants from the flue gases. This results in a significant reduction in emissions, a further reduction to near-zero emissions (>95-98%) is achieved by the combination of (1) the closed loop processes, tank blanketing and capturing, sequestering and mineralizing emitted flue gases from the heater combustion-exhaust.

Abstract: Methods for controlling a biological manufacturing system include directing a light beam to pass through a wall of a vessel containing a first fluid generated by the biological manufacturing system, measuring an angle of refraction of the light beam in the first fluid, the angle of refraction corresponding to an angle between a propagation direction of the light beam in the first fluid and a normal to an interface between the vessel wall and the first fluid, determining information about the first fluid based on the measured angle of refraction, and adjusting a parameter of the biological manufacturing system based on the information about the first fluid.

Abstract: A process and system for reducing contaminants contained in a contaminated feedstock comprising mixing the contaminated feedstock with water and at least one of metal scavengers or reactants, to form a feedstock-water-reactant mixture, feeding the mixture under pressure into a hydrothermal purification reactor, wherein the mixture is subject to heat, pressure, and turbulent flow conditions to cause rapid reaction of the inorganic contaminants with the metal scavengers or reactants to form inorganic salts that partition into an aqueous phase and maintaining the temperature, pressure, and turbulent flow conditions of the feedstock-water-reactant mixture for a predetermined space time to prevent the organic portion of the feedstock in the mixture from undergoing a conversion reaction and to form a hydrothermal reactor effluent; and separating the effluent into the aqueous phase containing salts of the inorganic contaminants and an organic phase that contains a lower concentration of inorganic contaminants than t