Abstract: An apparatus and method for dramatically increasing the imaging rate of optical tomography are disclosed. The novel technique is based on precise, time-resolved measurements. Measurements may optionally be taken at different wavelengths more-or-less simultaneously with a single device. A stationary array of emitters and a stationary array of detectors are located around the sample. High bandwidth is achieved by rapidly delivering light signals (single pulses or bursts of periodic pulses) in sequence from discrete, stationary emitters positioned around the sample, and rapidly detecting signals transmitted through the sample by discrete, stationary detectors . Bandwidths on the order of megahertz are possible in imaging biolgical sample. By selecting appropriate illuminating wavelengths, the system may be used, for example, to rapidly image the state of, and changes in, such characteristics as blood volume, blood flow, oxygen saturation, cellular depolarization, cellular repolarization, and tissue redox state.

Abstract: A scanning apparatus is provided, which includes a fixed, hollow cylindrical segment having a central, longitudinal axis, the interior of which forms a concave surface for intimate contact with a medium for recording and/or readout, a support structure forming a transport for translational movement along the axis, a light source mounted on the transport for movement therewith and for providing a beam capable of being directed along the axis, and a slanted mirror, angled 45 degrees with respect to the axis and mounted on the transport for translational movement therewith and for rotational spinning around the axis. The beam from the light source is reflected 90 degrees from along the axis along a radial to the medium and the rotation and translation cause the beam to scan the medium such that the rotating light beam is at all times perpendicular to the medium at the point of contact of the beam with the medium.

Abstract: A detection system and method are capable of reducing the occurrence of false alarms and detection failures by compensating for variations in the amplitude of a detection signal generated by a PIR sensor. An adaptive threshold can be used that varies according to ambient temperature of the detection area and the frequency of the detection signal. Comparison of the detection signal to the adaptive threshold allows compensation for temperature-and/or frequency-induced variations in detection signal amplitude. The adaptive threshold can be configured for standard detection area conditions or calibrated for conditions at the installation site. Relative measurement and adaptive sampling techniques also can be used to compensate for the presence of low frequency shifts in the detection signal. Such techniques can provide an accurate representation of signal amplitude relative to a threshold amplitude despite differences in absolute signal magnitude.

Abstract: A depth of interaction detector block for improving the spatial resolution and uniformity in modern high resolution PET systems over an entire FOV. An LSO crystal layer, a GSO crystal layer, and a light guide are stacked on each other and mounted on a 2×2 PMT set, so that the corners of the phoswich are positioned over the PMT centers. The crystal phoswich is cut into a matrix of discrete crystals. The separation of the LSO and the GSO layers by pulse shape discrimination allows discrete DOI information to be obtained. The block design provides an external light guide used to share the scintillation light in four PMTs. The 4 PMT signals Si are connected to an amplifier box which offers a 4 pole semi-Gaussian shaping for each of the four PMT signals, a sample clock for triggering the ADC cards and a fast sum signal &Sgr;iSi of the four PMT signals Si for pulse shape discrimination. A CFD provides a START signal for the time to pulse height converter.

Abstract: An X-ray imaging apparatus 1 includes an imaging device 31. Imaging device 31 has a lens 33, an imaging device 37, a circuit for driving the imaging device, and a board 53, 57 having a circuit used for processing video signals that are produced from the imaging device. These structural elements of the imaging device 31 are integrally rotatable as one body. Even when an X-ray image intensifier and an X-ray generator are revolved around the object, an output image formed on the output surface can be displayed as an upright image, if required. In addition, only the structural component by which the lens and the board 53 are connected together requires a certain level of precision, so that the cost for preparing the structural components of the apparatus is low as a whole.

Abstract: A method for characterizing a test sample of biological tissue is disclosed. The method includes obtaining a radiation scattering pattern produced by the test sample of biological tissue and processing the radiation scattering pattern to determine a pair distance distribution function for the test sample. The method also includes comparing sample data derived from the pair distance distribution function with known data derived from known samples which each have one or more known characteristics.

Abstract: A multiple-gain, hand-held, near-infrared grain analyzer analyzes, e.g., protein content of grain by infrared transmittance and interactance (transflectance) has at least two gain values. A first gain value is used when calibrating the analyzer with an empty analysis chamber (empty except for the presence of air), and a second, higher gain value is used when analyzing grain samples.

Abstract: A UV sensor design which virtually eliminates solarization effects on optical components and photodetector and is effective for both broad area and collimated light sources. The sensor design reduces the number of photons striking a unit area of any of the materials in the light path sensitive to UV light to a level which does not produce appreciable solarization over very long periods of time. The UV sensor has as the first optical element in the viewing path a UV transmitting, extremely low solarization window. The back surface of this window is frosted to produce some diffusion of the UV rays. A small metal disc with a very small aperture is the next optical element and reduces the total amount of energy admitted to the optical measurement system. A second frosted UV transmitting, extremely low solarization window further diffuses the light beam passing through the aperture.

Abstract: A process and apparatus for monitoring the cleaning of a surface (1) by laser irradiation includes illuminating the surface (1) to be cleaned, being cleaned or having been cleaned by ultra-violet irradiation provided either by the cleaning laser or by a further source (5) sufficient to excite into fluorescence contaminants (10, 11) on the surface (1) which fluoresce under ultra-violet irradiation.

Abstract: A gamma camera comprising essentially and in order from the front outer or gamma ray impinging surface: 1) a collimator, 2) a scintillator layer, 3) a light guide, 4) an array of position sensitive, high resolution photomultiplier tubes, and 5) printed circuitry for receipt of the output of the photomultipliers. There is also described, a system wherein the output supplied by the high resolution, position sensitive photomultipiler tubes is communicated to: a) a digitizer and b) a computer where it is processed using advanced image processing techniques and a specific algorithm to calculate the center of gravity of any abnormality observed during imaging, and c) optional image display and telecommunications ports.

Abstract: For optical determination of ingredients of a pourable product by NIR spectroscopy, to attain replicable measurement results, the device provides that the product flows in the direction of gravity; that a valve is disposed in the conduit downstream of the measurement window and a controller is embodied to move the valve to its closed position at least for the duration of measurement. The method is distinguished in that the product flows in the direction of gravity pas a measurement site; is dammed up downstream of the measurement site in such a way that the flow comes to rest at the measurement site; is dammed up in the direction of gravity past a measurement site; is dammed up downstream of the measurement site in such a way that the flow comes to rest at the measurement site; and after the measurement, the product is removed from the stagnant segment.

Abstract: In a method for manufacturing a calibrated radiation dosimeter, a layer of radiation sensitive material is applied to a substrate, the radiation sensitive material having an optical density which varies in accordance with a degree of radiation exposure. A pre-exposure optical density of the layer of radiation sensitive material is optically measured and subsequently the layer of radiation sensitive material is exposed to a known dose of radiation. Thereafter, a post-exposure optical density of the layer of radiation sensitive material is optically measured. Using at least the pre-exposure optical density, the post-exposure optical density, and the known dose of radiation, one computes mathematical parameters defining a predetermined mathematical function. The computed mathematical parameters are applied in encoded form to the substrate (e.g., printed in bar code form on the substrate or a holder card).

Abstract: A multiple-head scanning device (20) for reading an image stored on a photostimulable phosphor storage screen (10), comprising, a rotatable frame having a center (13) and an outer perimeter (15); a photomultiplier tube (40) mounted to the rotatable frame at a location proximal the center (13) of the rotatable frame; a plurality of radially extending optical trains (12) mounted to the rotatable frame at 120 degrees to one another, each optical train (12) configured to direct incident laser light towards phosphor storage screen (10) and to direct response radiation emitted by phosphor storage (10) screen in response to the incident laser light towards the photomultiplier tube (40).

Abstract: This invention provides an EDS detector in which even if connecting pipes vibrate due to gas flow, such vibration will not be transferred to a cryostat side and in which a small-sized gas-circulation-type refrigerator is provided in the cryostat sliding in a given direction, helium gas is supplied through the connecting pipes to the refrigerator, and an x-ray detecting element is cooled by means of the refrigerator. In connecting pipes, a connecting pipe body portion is connected to a pressure-converting value unit which is fixedly held in a vibration-proofing stand. Additionally, weights can be selectively applied to a flexible connecting pipe to further dampen vibrations.

Abstract: A solid state radiation detector for medical imaging incorporates an array of transistors and a continuous radiation detecting layer positioned over the transistors and electrically coupled to the transistors. The transistors may reside on a plurality of tiles, with the continuous radiation detecting layer being disposed over the tiles.

Abstract: An optical apparatus, especially a scanning microscope (1), wherein an expanded laser beam (2) is divided into several partial beams (4) by micro lenses (5) arranged next to one another. Each partial beam (4) is focused onto a focal point (11) by a common objective lens (7) to optically excite a sample (8). Fluorescent light emanating from the individual focal points (11) of the sample (8) is registered by a photo sensor (13) arranged behind the objective lens (7) as seen from the sample (8). Each photon of the fluorescent light coming from the sample (8) and being registered by the photo sensor (13) is excited by at least two photons of the laser beam (2).

Abstract: Ultra-thin ionizing radiation detector, and processes of manufacturing such detector. The detector includes a stack made up of a substrate, an insulting layer and a thin superficial layer of silicon, a detection diode being fabricated in the superficial layer.

Abstract: The invention relates to an apparatus and method for the read-out of a latent image recorded on a stimulable phosphor sheet (1) by, for example, X-ray radiation. The apparatus comprises: a drum member (8) having a cylindrical circumferential surface; rotation means (22) for rotating (R) the drum member around the axis (3); means for maintaining the phosphor sheet (1) of a flexible material in the shape of the circumferential surface; a light source (4) for aiming stimulating light (6) at the phosphor surface (2); a photodetector (7) for detecting the light emitted from the phosphor surface under the effect of stimulation; and members (21) for moving (M), relative to the phosphor sheet, the stimulating light beam and the photodetector in a direction parallel to the axis.

Abstract: A gamma camera is modified to perform PET studies as well as SPECT studies by utilization of the camera's SPECT electronics to likewise generate triggering pulse signals for photons indicative of a positron annihilation event which are corrected, on a bundled basis, for position, linearity and uniformity by the same digital processors used by the camera for SPECT studies. In addition the triggering pulse signals generate analog timing signals passed through a coarse coincidence circuit to establish matched pairs of timing signals which are digitally time stamped and processed along with the bundled set of pulse signals that the timing signals originated from.

Abstract: A head-up display, an IR camera and associated electronics including power are integrated into portable, self-contained, wrap-around, face-worn vision-enhancement apparatus useful in environments of dense air-borne particulate and thermal extremes such as encountered in fire fighting situations, in accordance with the invention. Reflective and opaque lenses are provided at approximately eye level for IR, vision display and blinding purposes, respectively, to produce a clear bright picture of a scene otherwise obscured by darkness or obscurants. The IR camera is integral with wrap-around system along with a self-contained power supply so that the system is portable and requires no umbilical cord or other external connections. An optical axis of the IR camera and an axis describing the user's virtual line of sight through the viewing eye converge at a nominal arm's length in front of the user's viewing eye, e.g. 3 feet away.