Abstract: In one aspect, foreign material on the surface of a substrate is processed to form a reaction product by: providing a directed flow of a fluid, comprising a reactant, to the vicinity of the foreign material to be processed; and delivering an aerosol of at least partially frozen particles continuously or intermittently to the foreign material to aid the reactant react with the foreign material to form the reaction product. In another aspect, foreign material is processed by: providing a directed flow of a fluid, comprising a reactant, to the foreign material to be processed in a limited area reaction region corresponding to a minor fraction of the total area of the substrate; agitating the foreign material in the limited area reaction region to aid the reactant react with the foreign material to form the reaction product; and providing relative motion between the substrate and the directed flow of fluid to achieve a substantially uniform exposure of the foreign material to fluid flow and the agitation.

Abstract: A mixed oxide ceramic product is made directly from a metal alloy of titanium, zirconium and/or hafnium and niobium, tantalum or hafnium, where the normally combustible alloy of titanium and zirconium or hafnium is passivated by the addition of more than about 7 atomic percent of niobium and/or tantalum and or vanadium which alloy can then be heated in air at atmospheric pressure to a temperature of from about 800 degrees C. to about 1500 degrees C. to produce an adherent monolithic ceramic containing product.

Abstract: An aluminum-alloy article such as a fastener is prepared by providing an aluminum-alloy article precursor that is not in its final heat-treated state, and in one form is in its solution treated/annealed state. A curable organic coating material is also provided. The method includes anodizing the article precursor, preferably in chromic acid solution and without chemical sealing during anodizing, applying the organic coating material to the aluminum-alloy article precursor, and precipitation heat-treating the coated aluminum article precursor to its final heat-treated state, thereby simultaneously curing the organic coating. If the aluminum alloy temper is of the naturally aging type, it is optionally lightly deformed prior to precipitation treatment aging.

Abstract: A chromium-free aqueous liquid surface treatment agent that can impart both a good corrosion resistance and a good paint adherence to zinciferous-plated steel sheet contains as its essential components polyhydroxyaryl carboxylic acid and/or depside thereof and silane coupling agent with the formula (YR).sub.m R.sub.n SiX.sub.(4-m-n), in which R denotes alkyl groups; X is the methoxy or ethoxy group; Y is the vinyl, amino, mercapto, glycidoxy, or methacryloxy group; m=1 to 3; and n=0 to (3-m). The total content of said essential components is preferably 1 to 50 weight %.

Abstract: A shiny or decorative aluminum or aluminum alloy based strip coated with an mproved corrosion-resistant protective coating for preserving the surface appearance of the strip and providing port-forming protection thereof, wherein said coating consists of a layer of silicon oxide.

Abstract: Controllable oxidation of certain titanium zirconium alloys is achieved by utilizing minor proportions of niobium, tantalum or vanadium or mixtures thereof and articles formed therefrom can be partially oxidized to form a deep, hard monolithic oxide containing surface layer and further or completely oxidized to form a cermet or ceramic body respectively, which can be heated further to improve the ceramic bodies properties.

Abstract: Method of readily forming passive oxide film based on chromium oxide characterized by subjecting stainless steel to electrolytic polishing and fluidized abrasive polishing, baking the steel thus treated in an inactive gas to remove moisture from its surface, and heat treating the resultant steel at 300.degree. to 600.degree. C. in a gaseous atmosphere comprising hydrogen or a mixture with an inactive gas and containing less than 4 ppm of oxygen or less than 500 ppb of moisture. An oxidized stainless steel characterized by comprising a stainless steel having a crystal grain number of 6 or above and, formed on the surface thereof, a passive oxide film based on chromium oxide, wherein the oxide film has a thickness of 5 nm or above and the atomic ratio of chromium to iron in the outermost layer of the film is 1 or above.

Abstract: A surface treating agent for copper and a copper alloy, comprising an aqueous solution containing an imidazole compound or a benzimidazole compound, a complexon, and iron ions. The agent forms a chemical film selectively on the surface of copper while forming no film on other metals.

Abstract: The invention is a process for applying a phosphate coating to a metal substrate in which the metal substrate is contacted with an aqueous activating bath before the phosphate coating is applied. The improved process is obtained by applying ultrasonic vibration energy to the aqueous activating bath. The ultrasonic energy can be applied to the aqueous activating bath when the aqueous activating bath is in contact with the metal substrate or when the metal substrate is not in contact with the aqueous activating bath.

Abstract: A method of making a developer support by forming an amorphous film on a metal substrate where the film is chromium, zinc with oxygen or hydrogen.

Abstract: A method for fabricating an electrically insulating coating on a surface is disclosed comprising coating the surface with a metal, and reacting the metal coated surface with a nonmetal so as to create a film on the metal-coated surface. Alternatively, the invention provides for a method for producing a noncorrosive, electrically insulating coating on a surface saturated with a nonmetal comprising supplying a molten fluid, dissolving a metal in the molten fluid to create a mixture, and contacting the mixture with the saturated surface.

Abstract: Heating an aqueous mixture of a fluoroacid such as H.sub.2 TiF.sub.6 and an oxide, hydroxide, and/or carbonate such as silica produces a clear mixture with long term stability against settling of any solid phase, even when the oxide, hydroxide, or carbonate phase before heating was a dispersed solid with sufficiently large particles to scatter light and make the mixture before heating cloudy. The clear mixture produced by heating can be mixed with soluble hexavalent and/or trivalent chromium, and preferably also nitrate and chloride ions to produce a composition that provides a conversion coating with good protection against corrosion while requiring substantially less chromium than previous coatings of equal corrosion protective quality.

Abstract: Process in which the said surface is pickled and then treated in two steps, a first treatment step of so-called "amorphous" phosphatization, suitable for depositing a coat of at least 0.2 g/m.sup.2, followed by a second treatment step called "nickel plating".In this way, it is possible to limit the amount of sludge at pickling while at the same time obtaining good adhesion of the enamel.In a complete sequence for manufacturing an article formed from direct-on enameled metal sheet, the sheet may be formed after pickling, especially after the first step called phosphatization and before the second step called nickel plating.

Abstract: Components of apparatus for film making and method for manufacturing the same include components made from aluminum alloy or aluminum without or with uneven surface of unenenness size of up to several mm, which are immersed in any one of sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, oxalic acid, and chromic acid, and then washed and dried. Such components prevent the deposit of film forming materials on the components form peeling off during film making operation.

Abstract: A method of forming a solder film on a metallic surface such as a pad of a metallic circuit of a printed circuit board and a lead frame of electronic parts, which is capable of forming a precise and fine pattern and which comprises selectively imparting tackiness to only a predetermined part of the metallic surface by means of a tacky layer-forming solution, adhering a powdered solder to the resulting tacky part, and then melting the solder by heating to thereby form a solder film.

Abstract: A process for the production of a heat- and corrosion-resistant porous metal body which is made of a metal or whose surface layer is made of a metal, in which the porous metal body can be alloyed with chromium or a combination of chromium and aluminum uniformly throughout the entire thereof by adjusting the alloy composition in the following manner, i.e., (A) heat-treating the porous metal body in a mixed gas comprising a gas, generated by heating a powdered mixture comprising chromium or its compound and NH.sub.4 Cl at 950.degree. to 1100.degree. C., and a diluent reducing gas at 800.degree. to 1100.degree. C, or (B) heat-treating the porous metal body in a mixed gas comprising a gas, generated by heating a powdered mixture comprising aluminum or its compound, chromium or its compound and NH.sub.4 X, wherein X is I, F, Cl or Br, at a weight ratio of the chromium or its compound to the aluminum or its compound of 10 to 80 in terms of Cr and Al respectively at 950.degree. to 1100.degree. C.

Abstract: A Zn-Mg binary coating layer formed on a steel sheet has the tri-layered structure that the first sublayer composed of a Zn-Mg alloy having Mg concentration of 0.5 wt. % or less, the second sublayer composed of a Zn-Mg alloy having Mg concentration of 7 wt. % or more and the third sublayer composed of a Zn-Mg alloy having Mg concentration of 0.5 wt. % or less are successively laminated. The coating layer may have the penta-layered structure wherein sublayers composed of a Zn-Mg alloy having Mg concentration of 2-7 wt. % are additionally interposed between the high-Mg and low-Mg sublayers. A Zn-Fe or Zn-Fe-Mg alloy layer may be formed at the boundary between the substrate steel and the coating layer. The adhesion ratio of the first sublayer to the top sublayer is preferably 1.2 or more, while the high-Mg sublayer is preferably conditioned to the mixed structure of a Zn.sub.2 Mg phase with a Mg-dissolved Zn phase.

Abstract: A liquid rust proof film-forming composition comprises (A) an oxidative substance, (B) a silicate and/or silicon dioxide and (C) at least one member selected from the group consisting of metal cations of Ti, Zr, Ce, Sr, V, W and Mo; and oxymetal anions and fluorometal anions thereof. The composition can be used in a method for forming a rust proof film on a metal substrate which comprises the step of immersing the metal substrate in the composition. The composition and the methods form an excellent rust proof film on the surface of metal substrates without using any chemical substance harmful to environment such as hexavalent chromium.

Abstract: A method of producing oxide surface layers on compact and sintered metals and alloys has the steps of delivering a metal or alloy into a working chamber preheated to temperature from 200.degree. C. to temperature below its melting point so that the metal or alloy is heated in the working chamber in waterless atmosphere to a temperature from 100.degree. C. to below a melting point of the metal or alloy in waterless atmosphere at atmospheric, reduced or increased pressure, and then introducing into the working chamber a water solution of substances which contain alloying elements so that water steam and volatile oxides of the alloying elements are formed directly into the working chamber interact with a surface of the metal or alloy to produce an alloyed surface layer of the metal or alloy.

Abstract: Disclosed is an improved method for coating a zinc surface comprising treating said surface with an aqueous, acidic solution containing:(a) about 0.5 to about 4 percent phosphate ion;(b) an ion selected from the group consisting of zinc ions, manganese ions, and mixtures thereof, said ions being present at a level sufficient to form dihydrogen phosphate with substantially all of said phosphate ions; and(c) about 0.01 to about 1 percent complex fluoride ions; wherein the weight:weight ratio of complex fluoride ions:chloride ions in said solution is at a value of about 8:1 or greater.It is preferred that the ratio complex of fluoride ion to chloride ion (F.sup.- :Cl.sup.-) in said solution to be maintained at a value of greater than about 8:1, preferably greater than about 10:1, and more preferably greater than about 14:1.