Abstract: An arrangement for determining the supercompressibility factor of a flowing gas at elevated pressure includes a first meter for measuring the volume flow rate of the gas at the elevated pressure, a restrictor at the outlet of the first meter for dropping the pressure of the gas to a pressure at which the supercompressibility factor is known, and a second meter for measuring the volume flow rate of the gas at the lower pressure. A computer calculates the supercompressibility factor of the gas at the elevated pressure by utilizing measured values of temperature, pressure and volume flow rate of the gas at both the elevated and lower pressures.

Abstract: A method of inspecting a component in which the surface of the component is scanned with a loud speaker, the sonic output of which is arranged to be at such a frequency or frequencies as to cause any cracks, fractures or unbonded regions within the component to generate transient stress wave emissions. An acoustic emission transducer is attached to the component surface so as to detect any such transient stress wave emissions and thereby provide evidence of the existence of any such cracks, fractures or unbonded regions.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for non-destructively measuring twist in a translating yarn (2) by means of a blade (1) which is in rubbing contact with the translating yarn (2) so that vibrations are imparted to the blade (1). The frequency of vibration of the blade (1) provides a measure of the twist imparted to the yarn (2) so that the signal frequency can be used as a measurement of the twist in a yarn (2) under test or as a feedback signal controlling the rate of twist imparted by a twist insertion station(8) during the formation of a yarn.

Abstract: The method enabling the quick determination of non-dissolved or free gas in a liquid sample. Involves measuring the density of a liquid sample in a closed vessel, subjecting this sample to a reduced pressure and thereby expanding the "free" gas in the liquid sample. After this expansion has taken place, but before allowing dissolved gas to come out of solution, the volume is fixed and a second density measurement is taken. An apparatus therefor is also disclosed. The apparatus comprises: a chamber wherein a liquid sample is subjected to a reduced pressure and an increased volume, and a means for density measurements of the said liquid sample. Also disclosed are means to transfer into the chamber a liquid sample while avoiding the entrapment of gas bubbles. Preferably the chamber has a flexible wall coupled to a suspended weight to enable quick expansion of the chamber while minimizing friction losses and liquid leakage. Once the "free" gas has expanded, the volume is fixed and a density measurement is taken.

Abstract: The device comprises a gas sensor containing a predetermined number of sensor elements which change their electric conductivity under the action of gases. Such a gas sensor is used for selectively determining the components of gas mixtures. For this purpose the individual sensor elements are arranged on a heat-resistant, thermally insulating substrate and the individual sensor elements are sensitized for the determination of different components of the gas mixture by selecting different materials and/or operating temperatures for the individual sensor elements. The sensor elements and its components are arranged such that the gas mixture to be investigated is guided past the sensor elments in a directed flow. The temperatures of the sensor elements increase in a stepwise manner in the direction of the gas flow and thereby a further increase in the selectivity of the gas sensor is achieved.

Abstract: An apparatus is provided to determine the film forming properties of a paste, especially a paste of chewing gum or bubble gum, in order to evaluate its bubble-forming ability and a process for using this apparatus.

Abstract: A camera includes a transmitter (2), an imaging system (8) for an object (4) and a receiver (10). According to the invention, in order to adjust the output signal (V.sub.2) of the receiver (10), a feedback is provided from the receiver (10) to the transmitter (2). The receiver includes a comparator (22) to one of whose inputs the spectrum of the actual values is fed in each case as a rectified output signal (V.sub.2) of the receiver (10) and to whose other input are fed corresponding reference values, and which controls the spectrum of the transmitter voltage (V.sub.1) of the transmitter (2) according to the deviation. By means of this feedback it is ensured that the same center frequency is always obtained at the receiver (10). As a result, the ultrasonic image is independent of the attenuation of signal caused by the object (4) and, accordingly, always has the same resolution even for different objects.

Abstract: An improved degree wheel device includes a degree wheel which is adjustably rotatable relative to the crankshaft on which it is carried. The wheel can be easily adjusted so that a zero degree reading corresponds to top dead center of piston travel. Much of the calculation necessary to determine cam phasing, cam lobe centerline, valve overlap, and the like is thereby eliminated. The degree wheel preferably includes counterclockwise 0.degree. to 360.degree. indicia for a direct and calculation-free determination of the duration of tappet lift.

Abstract: An instrument for testing of test pieces made of paramagnetic or diamagnetic material as well as of ferromagnetic materials above their Curie point for material defects and/or dimensional accuracy, especially for testing of tubes and slabs above 1000.degree. C. The instrument comprises an electromagnetic transducer (EMT) having magnetic pole shoes and eddy current exciting and receiving windings; and an electronic signal processing unit. The inner pole shoe is conically tapered and fabricated from individual sheets parallel to one another and insulated from each other to prevent the formation of eddy currents that would give rise to undesirable ultrasonic waves that might interfere with the testing process. The pole shoes are positioned so as to develop a magnetic field parallel to the test piece, and the eddy current exciting and receiving windings are heat-insulated with respect to the test piece.

Abstract: A special angle beam probe for ultrasonic testing includes at least one ultrasonic vibrator fastened in a beam probe housing on a wedge-shaped support body which may be formed of Plexiglass, using damping means. The ultrasonic beam of the vibrator strikes the surface of the test piece at an incidence angle other than 0.degree., as measured from a perpendicular at the surface of the test piece at the point where the beam strikes. The ultrasonic beam furthermore strikes the test piece surface at an oblique angle between 0.degree. and 360.degree. subtended between a principal beam probe axis and the beam, as seen in the direction perpendicular to the beam probe from above. The novelty of the invention is that the special angle beam probe includes a multiplicity of prefabricated beam probe subassemblies. The ultrasonic vibrator of each subassembly is fastened with a predetermined incidence angle within a first beam probe housing.

Abstract: An ultrasonic scanning probe 10 for inspecting structures for internal defects and providing a plan position display comprises a transducer 70 mounted within a block 12 of ultrasonically absorbent material, such as polyethylene, adjacent to a window 30 which may be placed in contact with a surface of the structure. The block 12 is turnable about a rotation axis normal to the window 30, while the transducer 70 is oriented at an angle to the axis so as to scan a sector of the surface as the block 12 is turned, and an attenuating coupling medium 160 occupies the space between the transducer 70 and the window 30. The scanning probe 10 may be used in wet or dry situations.

Abstract: An optical vibration analyzer is disclosed in which a fiber optic probe collects back scattered light from a vibrating surface illuminated with non-coherent light. The probe is positioned very close to the vibrating surface such that the amount of light scattered back into the fiber optic probe varies with the instantaneous relative separation between the probe and vibrating surface. A photo-diode detects the varying average intensity of light received by the probe and generates a light intensity signal which is amplified to a usable level. The back scattered light is very small in comparison with ambient light and other non-correlated noise from which it is extracted. Accordingly, vibrations in the observed surface are excited by a sweep oscillator and the received signal is processed through a tracking filter locked to the sweep oscillator. The filtered output is monitored and varies directly with the vibration amplitude of the surface.

Abstract: An acoustic microscope of the type of mechanical scanning in which a single transducer works to generate an acoustic beam as well as to detect echoes reflected from the specimen. An echo reflected from an interface between an acoustic lens and an acoustic propagation medium is detected, and the detected intensity is used as a reference to display the distribution of attenuation factors of the specimen in a two-dimensional manner. Among the signals representing the distribution of attenuation factors of the specimen, furthermore, only those signals having intensities that lie within a predetermined range are displayed to obtain a picture of the specimen that represents the distribution of attenuation factors of a predetermined range only.

Abstract: The disclosure is directed to a method and apparatus for non-destructive inspection of a solid workpiece, such as a steel workpiece. In accordance with the method of the invention, ultrasound is generated at an annular ring or portion thereof and focused into a hollow substantially cone-shaped beam, or sector thereof. The beam is directed at the surface of the workpiece so as to establish shear mode ultrasound energy in the workpiece. Ultrasound energy is then received from the workpiece (e.g. by reflection or transmission) and characteristics of the internal structure of the workpiece can be determined from the received ultrasound energy. In the preferred embodiment of the invention, the beam is configured such that the ultrasound energy impinging on the surface of the workpiece is at a sufficiently large angle with respect to the normal to the surface such that primarily shear mode of ultrasonic energy will be established within the workpiece.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an ergometer having an eddy current brake serving as a loading device, comprising a rotatably mounted brake wheel placed into rotation by means of a drive device and having a cylindrical ring made from an electrically conductive material. A stationary magnet system acts as a loading device and has an air gap disposed between the poles of the magnet system directed toward the ring and the ring itself. Depressions in the surface of the brake wheel run laterally to the direction of movement and are provided at one side of the air gap opposite the poles of the magnet system. The magnet system supports a measurement coil permeated by the magnetic flux which closes over the brake wheel. The fluctuations in the magnetic flux resulting from the grooves cause a voltage to be induced in the measurement coil, from which the rotational speed of the brake wheel and the effective braking torque can be calculated.

Abstract: In an ultrasonic examination apparatus of the sector scanning type, a false contour appears in a tomographic image of an object due to a variation of the pixelizing, or digitizing precision over the entire scanning region, especially near the central ultrasonic scanning lines. A wobbling processor is provided in an address generator for write operation. When the echo signals, or the image signals obtained by the scanning of the central untrasonic scanning lines are written into pixels of a frame memory, the write-in addresses are processed by the wobbling processor so that the pixelizing precision can be made relatively uniform over the entire scanning region.

Abstract: In a fuel injection advance angle measuring apparatus, in which the advance angle is measured on the basis of an injection timing signal produced from, such as, a needle valve lift sensor and a reference timing signal indicative of the reference timing of the engine rotation, in order to remove the noise signal from the signal from the sensor, a masking signal indicating a predetermined period in which the desired component of the injection timing signal is not to be produced, is generated in response to the injection timing signal and the reference timing signal whereby to eliminate the undesired components of the injection timing signal for the measurement of the fuel injection advance angle and to obtain the fuel injection advance angle with high accuracy in measurement.

Abstract: The invention provides a side scanning sonar apparatus for detecting gas bubbles in water. This apparatus transmits low frequency sonar signals horizontally through the water and detects the resultant echoes. The echoes due to bubble columns can be discriminated from those due to simple reflection from solid objects. The invention also provides a special handling apparatus to permit launching and recovery of a towed sonar apparatus in which the upper part of the fairing is relative fragile.

Abstract: Ultrasonic testing methods and units for characterizing planar flaws in hard-to-inspect materials such as welded and cladded pipes containing intergranular stress corrosion cracks. The invention characterizes flaws with pitch-catch transducers positioned front to back on a single module. One module uses a bimodal transducer to transmit longitudinal and shear waves to produce, through surface wave mode conversion, reflection and diffraction, a triplet of associated longitudinal and shear wave signals received by another bimodal transducer. Other modules use pitch-catch transducers to produce a doublet of associated shear wave signals from diffraction of an incident longitudinal and/or shear waves at the upper and lower extremities of underclad fatigue cracks and buried cracks. The signals are enchanced by multiple one sided cross focusing on preselected target areas in the test specimen and are cognizable by pattern recognition.

Abstract: Apparatus for detecting the evolution of an acoustic signal, comprising an acoustic sensor, as well as circuits for the amplification, filtering, detection and measurement of the effective value of the signal supplied by the sensor. The apparatus comprises a smoothing circuit, a sawtooth generator, an adder, a circuit for adjusting the effective value by straight segments and a circuit for carrying out sequence tests. The apparatus is adapted for use in the monitoring of steam generators in fast neutron reactors.