Abstract: Magnetically-responsive electrostatographic nickel carrier particles having semi-conductive and lower triboelectric charging properties are prepared by heat treating nickel particles in an ambient atmosphere as to provide the carrier particles with an oxide coating. More particularly, commercially available nickel particles are placed in a furnace and the particles are heat treated at a temperature of between about 600.degree. C. and about 1,000.degree. C. for a period of time of between about 5 and 10 minutes. When employed with finely-divided toner particles to develop electrostatic latent images in a magnetic-brush development apparatus, the treated carriers have been found to alleviate shorting problems and to provide developed images having lower background densities and higher resolution than prior carrier materials.

Abstract: A novel process is disclosed for the manufacture of a release "paper" which is based on the application of a fluid silicone composition to a paper substrate. The silicone fluid is directly applied without any solvent and without emulsification. The application technique is based on the use of a two-roll offset gravure coating apparatus wherein the substrate to be coated is run at a higher speed than the gravure roll.

Abstract: A process for reproducing graphic information wherein a magnetic image is formed in a premagnetized layer of acicular chromium dioxide by heating the chromium dioxide selectively to above its Curie point. Ferromagnetic toner particles are then applied uniformly to the chromium dioxide layer, so as to adhere only in the magnetized areas. The toner particles are electrostatically transferred to a substrate and fused into position. Alternating current coronas or other static neutralizing devices are used to neutralize unwanted charges on toner particles which would otherwise cause fuzzy images and unwanted background markings on the final copies.

Abstract: Coated carrier materials are prepared by electrostatically attracting particles of a coating material to the surface of carrier cores and then heating the carrier materials causing the coating material to fuse to the carrier material forming an adherent coating thereon. The coating material is attracted to the carrier materials by (a) rolling carrier materials down an inclined plane while spraying the carrier materials with a coating material; (b) dropping carrier materials through a cloud chamber containing a cloud of coating material particles; and (c) solids blending a mixture of carrier materials and particles of coating material.

Abstract: Forming a colored shade band on an elongated area of a flexible sheet of interlayer material comprising applying a dye composition by electrostatic spraying against a portion of a surface of a flexible sheet of non-conductive interlayer material such as polyurethane or plasticized polyvinyl butyral. A novel grounded shielding structure of electroconductive material comprises a primary shield located in close proximity to the upper surface of a workpiece to be partially coated. A preferred embodiment comprises primary and secondary shields with an optional manifold between the shields to ensure superior control of a pattern of graded intensity along the transverse dimension of an elongated area to be coated. One or both shields may be heated to avoid the deposit of spray particles that cause optical defects. The workpiece so coated is useful as an interlayer in shaded, bent laminated safety glass windshields.

Abstract: An electrophotographic process comprises the steps of:developing an electric latent image with toner particle, the toner particle comprising 20-70 parts by weight of at least one resin selected from resins of Group A and 80-30 parts by weight of at least resin selected from resins of Group B, transferring the developed toner image to a paper having a smoothness of 5-130 seconds (measured by Bekk method), applying pressure to the transferred toner image to fix the toner image on said paper, and repeating at least said steps, in which said resins of Group A includes a low molecular weight polyethylene, a low molecular weight polypropylene, ethylene-ethyl acrylate copolymer, ionomer resin and ethylenevinyl acetate copolymer, and said resins of Group B includes natural resin modified maleic acid resin, natural resin modified pentaerythritol resin and natural resin modified glycerine resin.

Abstract: A method for developing a latent electrostatic image by passing the image close to but out of contact with a surface of a liquid developer at a development zone. The values of the magnitude of the charge of the image, the distance between the image segment and the liquid surface at the development zone, and the physical characteristics of the liquid are such that at the development zone the electrostatic field created by the segment of the image at the zone, with or without the assistance of an external electrostatic field impressed upon the development zone, raises pseudopods from the liquid developer surface which extend toward the carrier on which the electrostatic image is present. The pseudopods and/or droplets separated from the tips of the pseudopods leave the liquid surface under the influence of the electrostatic field created by the image segment.

Abstract: A method and an apparatus for controlling the toner concentration of a dry developer, including a magnetic carrier and a non-magnetic toner, used in a magnetic brush developing system. The system includes an inherent magnetic means and an inheret circulation path through a portion of which a steady stream of the developer is established during its operation. A device such as a Hall element is set at a position near the steady stream portion of the developer and in the atmosphere for detecting the magnitude of a leakage magnetic flux from the portion which is emanated from the magnetic means, to determine the value of toner concentration of the developer in the system through analyzing. Thereupon, a supply of toner to the system is automatically controlled based on the determined value.

Abstract: A fixing member having an abhesive surface for fusing a heat-softenable toner powder image to an appropriate receiving member is disclosed together with a fixing apparatus, e.g., a roller-fuser device, and a fixing process which employs such a fixing member. The surface of the fixing member bears an abhesive elastomeric fluoropolymer composition containing a crosslinked polymer comprising tetrafluoroethylene repeating units and perfluoroalkyl perfluorovinylether repeating units.

Abstract: An electrostatic imaging system in which a conductive pattern and triboelectric charging are utilized on opposite sides of an electrically insulating member to form a developable electrostatic latent image. Electrostatically charged marking particles are deposited in conformance to the latent image and thereafter transferred to a receiving sheet. Charging, development and transfer are effected without the aid of light or any externally applied voltage.

Abstract: Degradation of a liquid developer for developing electrostatic latent images is prevented by using a paper from which a rosin aluminum soap is not substantially eluted into the liquid developer when contacted therewith.

Abstract: Fuser members coated with a release layer of silicone rubber are treated with a solvent to remove low molecular weight siloxanes, polysiloxanes and other impurities from the silicone rubber. The solvent must be one which removes or extracts the low molecular weight siloxanes, polysiloxanes and other impurities without dissolving or otherwise adversely effecting the integrity of the silicone rubber layer coated upon a base member. Generally solvent extraction is continued until the components in the cured silicone rubber which interfer with the release properties of the rubber in releasing toner from the fuser member surface, are depleted to concentration where they do not inhibit release of the toner.

Abstract: Wetting by toners of the surface of reusable photoconductors in electrophotographic processes results on image cycling in adhesion of the toner to the photoconductor surface to form a film. Such filming is reduced or eliminated by including in the developer a small amount of certain unpigmented organic polymeric materials having smaller particle size than the pigmented toner particles. Suitable organic polymers are fluorinated hydrocarbon polymers and copolymers, and polyethylene.

Abstract: A positive active material for electric primary cells, such as are used in electronic watches, is formed from a powder composed at least partially of grains having cores of silver peroxide completely surrounded by a layer of monovalent silver oxide and covered with a thin surface layer of metallic silver. The remainder of the powder, if any, comprises monovalent silver oxide grains, also covered with a thin surface layer of metallic silver. A process for making the material includes adding a reducing agent such as hydrazine to a powder having grains of less than 50 microns in diameter of essentially pure silver peroxide and reducing the silver peroxide to the point at which a thin layer of metallic silver forms on the surface of each powder grain. This point can be detected by a substantial reduction in electrical resistivity of the powder and occurs when approximately one-half of the original powder remains as silver peroxide.

Abstract: A method and apparatus are provided for applying liquid to solid surfaces to which access may be limited or restricted. Liquid is continuously fed to an applicator where the liquid clings to a supporting surface to form a bead defining an outwardly exposed meniscus protruding beyond the applicator. The applicator is moved along the surface in a proximate relationship thereto which brings the protruding meniscus into contact with the surface to wipe liquid onto the surface, the applicator all the while being spaced a slight but noncritical distance from the surface. A portion of the liquid wiped onto the surface is immediately aspirated from the surface by suction applied through the applicator to leave on the surface a deposit of liquid controlled in quantity by the degree of aspiration accompanying the wiping of liquid onto the surface.

Abstract: Developer mixtures comprising finely-divided toner particles electrostatically clinging to the surface of carrier particles. The toner particles comprise a colorant and at least about 60 percent by weight, based on the weight of the toner particles, of a resin mixture comprising between about 40 and about 90 parts by weight of a styrene resin and from about 10 to about 60 parts by weight of an epoxy resin. Electrostatographic imaging processes employing said developer mixtures are also disclosed.

Abstract: A method of transferring images from one surface to another, which, instead of using a steady field uses a corona to build up a charge on a roller which transfers the charge to the surface where transfer is required. The device comprises a pair of rollers which are urged toward each other, one of the rollers having an insulator surface, the other roller forming an electrode, the charge being applied to the insulator surface on the one roller by means of a corona generating device spaced from the insulator surface and remote from the electrode roller.

Abstract: Dyeable and dyed polymer-coatings on metal articles such as sliders on slide fasteners, buttons, buckles, clasps, nuts, bolts, hooks, etc. are disclosed which include a substantial quantity of active proton acceptor groups relative to the number of polymer molecules in order to provide adequate dye pick-up.

Abstract: Polyarylsiloxanes are used on metal fusing devices in photocopiers to fix particulate thermoplastic toner to a substrate while the toner is in a fused state. The polyarylsiloxanes can be continuously applied in minimal thicknesses on the fusing device to form a thermally stable, renewable, self-cleaning layer having excellent toner release properties. A preferred polyarylsiloxane is polyphenylmethyl dimethyl siloxane.

Abstract: The object is electrically charged to have a first polarity. A dispersion in air of powdered coating is similarly charged to have a like, first polarity and is clouded about the object. The metal object is then suddenly provided with an opposite charge to have an opposite, second polarity, whereupon particles from the cloud are uniformly attracted to and deposited on the object. The powder composition and the technique for fusing the deposited powder to provide a continuous coating may be the same as are in current commercial use.