Abstract: Removal of non-diamond carbon from a diamond substrate surface is accompled in an electrochemical apparatus comprising an electrolyte and spaced electrodes immersed in the electrolyte and having impressed voltage producing a sufficient electric field in the electrolyte to remove at least a portion of the non-diamond carbon. Removal of the non-diamond carbon is accomplished by disposing the substrate in the electrolyte without touching the electrodes for a time sufficient to dislodge at least a portion of the non-diamond carbon. The invention herein is also directed to diamond substrates having non-diamond carbon with a high resolution on its surface.

Abstract: A method of reducing Ti(IV) to Ti(III) in which the Ti(IV) in acid solution is fed to an electrochemical cell having a semi-hydrophobic gas diffusion anode to which hydrogen gas is supplied. A current is passed through the cell to effect the electrochemical reduction and the Ti(III) is recovered for use as a re-attack solution in titanium dioxide pigment production or for use in indirect organic reductions. Ti(III) salts may also be recovered for use, for example, in the reduction of organic compounds.

Abstract: Process for anodizing aluminum or its alloys to obtain a surface particularly having high infrared emittance by anodizing an aluminum or aluminum alloy substrate surface in an aqueous sulfuric acid solution at elevated temperature and by a step-wise current density procedure, followed by sealing the resulting anodized surface. In a preferred embodiment the aluminum or aluminum alloy substrate is first alkaline cleaned and then chemically brightened in an acid bath The resulting cleaned substrate is anodized in a 15% by weight sulfuric acid bath maintained at a temperature of 30.degree. C. Anodizing is carried out by a step-wise current density procedure at 19 amperes per square ft. (ASF) for 20 minutes, 15 ASF for 20 minutes and 10 ASF for 20 minutes. After anodizing the sample is sealed by immersion in water at 200.degree. F. and then air dried. The resulting coating has a high infrared emissivity of about 0.92 and a solar absorptivity of about 0.

Abstract: A method of ionizing a fluid uses the principle of a Voltaic cell wherein, first and second electro-conductive members formed of materials having different electrochemical potentials are spaced from each other and are immersed in fluid such as water to be ionized, the fluid serves as an electrolyte, and these electro-conductive members are electrically connected to cause electric energy to flow in the fluid, whereby the fluid is ionized. A device for carrying out this method includes first and second electro-conductive members formed of materials having different electrochemical potentials and spaced from each other to permit the fluid to flow therebetween, the members being electrically connected to each other.

Abstract: A non-destructive method of electro-coating a preselected pattern of electrically insulating or conducting material onto a semiconductor device which includes a photoresponsive junction. The method includes the step of illuminating the semiconductor device prior to initiating the flowing of electro-coating current therethrough. The method has particular utility in providing electroplated grid patterns and connections on large area photovoltaic cells. Also disclosed is the use of current generated by a photovoltaic cell to effect the electro-coating thereof.

Abstract: A method is disclosed for producing iron or iron alloy particles. A metal or metal alloy strip having fine particles or iron or alloy distributed throughout is provided. The metal strip is selectively dissolved without substantial dissolving of the iron or iron alloy particles in order to recover the particles.

Abstract: A method of forming a colored pattern on the surface of aluminum or aluminum alloy comprising the steps of subjecting the surface to a first electrolytic treatment to form a background of anodic oxide film, and placing a pattern-forming electrode against the surface in adjacent but spaced apart relation. The surface is then subjected to a second electrolytic treatment to electrochemically impress the pattern onto the background by applying a voltage between the surface and the pattern-forming electrode in an electrolytic bath containing a metallic salt. The pattern-forming electrode is removed from the surface, and the surface having the background and the pattern is subjected to a third electrolytic treatment in an electrolytic bath containing a metallic salt to develop difference in color tones and intensities between the background and the pattern.

Abstract: A process for producing on an object a decoration which includes two different visible materials, said process including at least one cycle of the steps of applying a masking material to at least one region of the outer surface of the object, simultaneously machining the mask and the underlying base material over at least a portion of the region, and coating the machined portion of the underlying base material with a different material.

Abstract: The treater includes a rotating, immersed electrode within the treating chamber, and a scrubbing member in contact with the rotating electrode for cleaning unwanted deposits from the electrode. In one form of the invention, a rotating cylindrical scrubbing member is positioned in counter-moving relationship with the rotating electrode at the point of contact therewith. In another form of the invention a stationary scrubbing member is adjustably spring biased into contacting relationship with the rotating electrode.

Abstract: By establishing a direct electrical current between electrodes in an electrolyte, such as seawater or fresh water containing minerals in solution, calcium carbonates, magnesium hydroxides, and hydrogen are precipitated at the cathode, while at the anode, oxygen and chlorine are produced. The electrochemical precipitation of minerals at and in the vicinity of metal reinforcement in a reinforced concrete structure is utilized to repair damaged portions thereof, for example, fractures, cracks, fissures, and voids.To repair reinforced concrete structures, the structure is disposed in a volume of electrolyte. The metal reinforcement is made a cathode by connection to the negative terminal of a suitable DC power supply. One or more anodes are disposed in proximity to the structure, and a direct electrical current is established between the electrodes for a period of time sufficient to fill by accretion cracks, fissures or voids in the concrete body of the structure.

Abstract: In the matrixing process used in the manufacture of lapping discs employed in the production of videodisc styli, it has been found that the separation of the electroformed parts from the parts on which they are formed can be performed effectively and simply by heating the assembly of the electroformed part and the part on which it is formed to an elevated temperature which causes the parts to separate from each other without distortion of the lapping grooves and without damage to either of the parts.

Abstract: An apparatus is disclosed for separating a replica from a matrix. The apparatus consists of a rotatable lower turntable and a movable upper turntable assembly between which the replica and matrix assembly to be separated are clamped during the separation process. A tool is provided to selectively apply pressure to the outer edge of the matrix to cause the seal between the replica and the matrix to be broken and also to provide a gap between the replica and the matrix. A pair of opposing clamp members having an aperture in the jaws of the clamps is inserted into the gap between the replica and the matrix. The clamp members are advanced so as to lock the matrix to the surface of the lower turntable. A pair of upper clamp members which are mounted on the support assembly for the upper turntable are moved into position so as to engage the replica.

Abstract: A device for electrodepositing aluminum from an aprotic, oxygen-free, water-free aluminum-organic electrolyte, which comprises an electroplating tank, which is subdivided into a plurality of identical individual cells for receiving an electrolyte and anode plates, which cells contain support racks and are positioned one after another in a line or row, and the tank has a hood forming a protective chamber which contains a protective atmosphere. To charge and discharge workpiece holders into and out of the device includes a charging lock at one end of the row of cells forming the tank, a discharging lock at the other end of the row and a conveyor in the tank.

Abstract: A method of applying a continuous or discontinuous loop-like covering to a metal or metallized tape. The tape is guided to a first area along the periphery of a wheel and one-half of the covering is applied at the first area. The tape is guided to a second area along the periphery of the wheel in a direction opposite that in which the tape is guided through the first area along the wheel and the other one-half of the covering is applied at the second area.

Abstract: Solids precipitate out of an aqueous solution after it has passed through a negatively charged tubular steel electrode and then through the annular space between the negatively charged electrode and a positively charged tubular aluminum electrode.

Abstract: Aluminum capacitor foil is etched using AC current and an etchant bath comprising 0.8 to 1.5 M hydrochloric acid, 0.4 to 0.5 M aluminum chloride, 0.04 to 0.3 M nitric acid, and 0.05 to 0.2 M tartaric acid. The frequency of the alternating current is 12 to 20 Hz, and the bath temperature is 30.degree. to 40.degree. C.

Abstract: Method and device for the partial galvanization of a surface of a conductive material is disclosed. A flow-on channel and a flow-off channel are positioned at an angle relative to the surface at less than 45.degree. and arranged to direct the electrolyte solution at an angle onto the surface to be treated. The electrolyte is removed at an angle to the surface by the flow-off channel such that on the surface to be treated a substantially laminar flow arises. The flow-on channel and flow-off channel are constructed of a corrosion-resistant material. A metallic anode element is arranged in at least one of the flow-on and flow-off channels adjacent the area to be treated.

Abstract: An improved method and apparatus for recovering shale oil from shale wherein the shale is mined, crushed and pyrolized electrically in surface facilities by induction in a chamber made up of a plurality of cells in the absence of air and the raw gases are directed to a condensing means for separating the liquids from the gases. The invention also describes a method and apparatus for making use of the residue from the liquids separated from the gas in order to use said residue economically and generate electric power for the induction system used in the instant invention. The invention further discloses means for the recovering of the heat energy contained in the spent shale. The invention also discloses a method and apparatus for the disposal of the spent shale in an environmentally acceptable manner in order to prevent pollution and save the great quantities of water needed for reclamation.

Abstract: Probes for testing circuitry comprising plural oriented, circular cross-section, microcircuit probes positioned in a dielectric base and having connections on the opposite side of base to attach probe circuitry. A method of manufacture of such probes includes assembling a laminate of a dielectric base, and an aluminum mandrel, drilling holes in the laminate at positions corresponding to the eventual probe positions, electroless plating the entire package, passivating the electroless plated coating, plating the entire assemblage until the holes are substantially filled with plating, separating and shearing off the layers of plating from the laminate, applying a photoresist and developing it on the aluminum side corresponding to the holes for the probes, and on the opposite side corresponding to the desired circuitry, removing the material on the aluminum side to expose the aluminum, dissolving the aluminum to expose the probes, and soldering and reflowing the solder on the probes.

Abstract: Aluminum electrolytic capacitor foil is etched in a bath containing 0.7 to 2.0 M hydrochloric acid, 0.2 to 0.5 M hydrated aluminum trichloride, and 0.02 to 0.4 M phosphate ion while subjected to the action of alternating current at 35.degree. to 55.degree. C.