Abstract: Probes for testing circuitry comprising plural oriented, circular cross-section, microcircuit probes positioned in a dielectric base and having connections on the opposite side of base to attach probe circuitry. A method of manufacture of such probes includes assembling a laminate of a dielectric base, and an aluminum mandrel, drilling holes in the laminate at positions corresponding to the eventual probe positions, electroless plating the entire package, passivating the electroless plated coating, plating the entire assemblage until the holes are substantially filled with plating, separting and shearing off the layers of plating from the laminate, applying a photoresist and developing it on the aluminum side corresponding to the holes for the probes, and on the opposite side corresponding to the desired circuitry, removing the material on the aluminum side to expose the aluminum, dissolving the aluminum to expose the probes, and soldering and reflowing the solder on the probes.

Abstract: An electrochromic printable media which includes a substrate coated with certain leuco dyes and with a bromide compound; and use thereof for electrochromic printing.

Abstract: A preselected area of a body is contacted with a surface treatment solution, ejected towards the body, areas of the body not to be treated being shielded by an inflatable member having a flexible surface which is moved into contact with the body. The invention is particularly useful for plating of rectangular cross-section terminal pins, a part of only one surface being plated. The inflatable member shields the back and side surfaces, only a front surface being contacted by the solution.

Abstract: A radial flow electrofilter having a plurality of parallel planar horizontal electrodes. The filter may be provided with backflush means, in which case the filter medium preferably consists of non-deformable particles, or else a removable filter pack, preferably employing polyurethane foam, may be employed. In operation, finely divided solids, contained in a liquid of low electrical conductivity, may be efficiently removed by passing the liquid radially through the filter, while subjected to a unidirectional current electric field, from the periphery of the filter toward its center.

Abstract: Disclosed is a sparger in which there are a plurality of nozzles extending from a vertical sparger pipe, and alternating the vertical sparger pipes or sparger tubes have the nozzles at mid-stations between the adjacent sparger nozzles; with the entire sparger being directed to discharge the fluid to impinge upon the workpiece such as a printed circuit board at an acute angle preferably less than 90.degree.. The resulting pattern on the workpiece is a plurality of footprints, all overlapping a minimum amount on the target area. A further aspect of the invention is directed to having the spargers on one side of the workpiece direct fluid in a downstream direction, whereas the spargers on the opposite side of the workpiece direct the fluid in an upstream direction or contra to the movement of the workpiece such as a printed circuit board.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing an oxygen sensor composed of oxygen ion transmissible solid electrolyte which is operative to detect an oxygen concentration in exhaust gas delivered from an internal combustion engine for the purpose of controlling a ratio of air to fuel in a mixed gas to be supplied to the combustion engine and which comprises successive steps of adhering to the outer surface of the solid electrolyte an outside electrode having a thickness of at least 0.5.mu. by thin film techniques, heat treating the outside electrode and providing on the outside electrode a number of holes or broken holes whose diameter or width is larger than the thickness of the outside electrode, adhering to the inner surface of the solid electrolyte a porous inside electrode by thin film technique or suspension coating process, and heat treating the inside electrode at a temperature lower than the temperature at which metals constituting the inside electrode begin to be sintered.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a timepiece hand is disclosed, whereby the hand can be made extremely thin and lightweight, as well as strong and rigid. The timepiece hand is in the form of an open shell formed of hard nickel electro-forming. Because a minimum of mechanical working is performed upon the hand during the manufacturing process, bending distortion of the hand is avoided, and such a hand can be made substantially thinner than has been possible with manufacturing methods of the prior art.

Abstract: Nail files and other abrasive articles have a structural base, such as a steel strip, coated with a slurry of a resin, such as an epoxide, and abrasive particles or grits, such as aluminum oxide, granules with sharp peaks and corners, of selected size and covered with one or more layers of electroplated metal, such as copper, nickel and chromium, forming a sheath surrounding the coated base and firmly anchoring the particles around the base. The electroplated metal has relative thick valley portions covering the bases of the particles but only has relatively thin films over the peaks of the particles. In use, the thin coatings over the peaks of the particles are broken off, exposing the tip ends of the abrasive particles for effective abrasion of surfaces, such as fingernails, rubbed thereover.

Abstract: A method of the surface treatment of a porous material which comprises the step of electrolyzing the porous material in an electrolytic bath composed of an aqueous solution of at least one salt selected from the group consisting of alkali metal thiotungstate, alkali metal thioantimonate, alkali metal thiostannate, alkali metal thiocuprate, alkali metal thioarsenate, alkali metal thioaurate, alkali metal thioplatinate, alkali metal thioniobate, alkali metal thiovanadate, alkaline earth metal thiotungstate, alkaline earth metal thioantimonate, alkaline earth metal thiostannate, alkaline earth metal thiocuprate, alkaline earth metal thioarsenate, alkaline earth metal thioaurate, alkaline earth metal thioplatinate, alkaline earth metal thioniobate, alkaline earth metal thiovanadate, ammonium thiotungstate, ammonium thioantimonate, ammonium thiostannate, ammonium thiocuprate, ammonium thioarsenate, ammonium thioaurate, ammonium thioplatinate, ammonium thioniobate and ammonium thiovanadate, to thereby impregnate th

Abstract: Electrically conductive solid, dense feed-through paths for the high-speed low-loss transfer of electrical signals between integrated circuits of a single silicon-on-sapphire body, or between integrated circuits of several silicon-on-sapphire bodies, are provided by an electroforming method.

Abstract: Method of anodizing an aluminum workpiece wherein the workpiece and belt of cloth fabric is moved through a contact zone over an electrically conductive rigid backing member. The relative speeds of the workpiece and the belt are adjusted so that the belt is caused to wipe across the surface of the workpiece. Anodizing solution is applied to the workpiece in the contact zone and a direct electric potential is applied with the backing member as the cathode and the workpiece as the anode.

Abstract: There is disclosed a process for preparing lithographic printing plate bases, which comprises electrolytically etching a sheet made of aluminum or an aluminum alloy in an electrolytic solution containing hydrochloric acid and a .beta.-dicarbonyl compound.

Abstract: A process and apparatus for electroplating a spot of metal on a substrate and optionally a plurality of such spots in a desired arrangement. A column of electrolyte having a transverse cross-sectional shape corresponding about to the shape of the desired spot of metal to be plated is formed between an anode and the substrate which is connected as a cathode. The electrolyte is supplied by force of gravity with a desired hydrostatic head pressure. The substrate can be sequentially advanced to electrodeposit spots of metal at different points on the substrate.

Abstract: The object of the invention is a process for recycling used lubricating oils. After drying and gasoline removal, the oil is distilled and then treated with sodium or sodium hydride in a finely-divided state at elevated temperature. This is followed by a further distillation. Both distillations are at temperatures below 300.degree. C., the oil fractions of low volatility being respectively distilled in a molecular distillation apparatus at below 2 mbar.

Abstract: An electrodeposition method and apparatus, particularly suitable for electrodeposition of a substrate of large area and intricate contour, uses an electrode having a small electrode area adapted to be spacedly juxtaposed with a portion of the substrate to define a small electrodeposition gap flushed with a stream of liquid electrolyte. High-frequency and small mechanical vibrations are imparted to the electrode while an electrodeposition current, preferably in the form of pulses, is passed between the electrode and the workpiece, which are relatively displaced by a drive unit to cause the electrode area to sweep three-dimensionally over a selected surface area of the substrate, thereby forming a layer of the electrodeposition thereon of a desired uniform thickness with an increased rate. The electrode is preferably constituted as an electrode assembly comprising an electromechanical transducer, a horn and the electrode attached in sequence.

Abstract: A process for plating a metal, preferably gold, onto the exposed surface of a cathode terminal of an electrochemical cell. The cell is contacted with a solution containing the metal ions to be plated thereon. The cell is then permitted to self-discharge through the solution for a given period of time which causes the metal to plate out, at a given thickness, onto the surface of the cathode terminal in contact with the solution. In a preferred form, the process includes the steps of first activating the surface of the terminal by contacting it with a solution containing hydroxide ions.

Abstract: In the production of records, a mother is formed from a metal master having a nickel core and a silver coating. To produce the mother, the silver coating is removed from the nickel core and the nickel is passivated by treating the metal master with an aqueous solution containing ammonium persulphate. The same aqueous solution can be used for passivating the mother before the mother is electroplated to form a stamper.

Abstract: A process for exposing silicon crystals on the surface of an aluminum alloy of high silicon content and with undissolved silicon particles, wherein the aluminum alloy is connected as the cathode in an electrolyte containing an aqueous alkali nitrate solution which is at least 0.01 molar with respect to the nitrate ions and is subjected to electrolysis with a minimum current density of 0.5 A/dm.sup.2 to remove aluminum from the alloy surface without removing silicon crystals. The electrolyte can also contain at least 0.005 mol/l fluoride ions and 0.05 mol/l-14 mol/l nitrite ions to suppress generation of hydrogen at the cathode and oxygen at the anode, respectively.

Abstract: A process for removing an oxide scale from the surface of a metallic body is disclosed comprising the steps of providing an electrolyte consisting of an aqueous solution containing about 15 to 25 weight percent sodium sulfate, maintaining the electrolyte at a temperature of at least 150.degree. F., and immersing the metallic body into the electrolyte such that the surface to be descaled is exposed to the electrolyte. During immersion, the metallic body is subjected as the anode to the action of a direct electric current for a period of at least 10 seconds at a current density of at least 3 amperes per square inch.

Abstract: An improved galvanizing device for the galvanic precipitation of aluminum from an anhydrous, aprotic, and oxygen-free aluminum-organic electrolyte is provided. The original device having an annularly shaped galvanizing trough, which is sealed from the atmosphere, and which utilizes a centrally located and rotatable contacting and holding mechanism for guiding the goods carriers around and through the electrolyte is herein provided with separate charging and discharging locks attached to the galvanizing trough. Each of the locks is provided with a U-shaped fluid lock to maintain the gaseous seal and an endless chain conveyor to transport the goods carrier to and from the galvanizing trough.