Abstract: An instrument for measuring the retroreflectance properties of surfaces to angles including an angle of zero degrees of the incident beam. The instrument comprises a source of collimated radiation, a beam splitter such as a cube biprism, a beam chopper, a radiation sensor system operated in a coherent detection mode with the chopper, and indicating and/or recording means. A beam of radiation aimed at a normal incidence at the surface of the test specimen is passed through the biprism which has its 45.degree. diagonal semi-reflecting surface interposed in the beam. The undesirable part of the beam is reflected off the diagonal surface to and through one of the sides of the biprism and the reflection back therefrom passes through the diagonal surface and then travels to the radiation sensor. The desirable part of the beam from the radiation source goes directly through the diagonal surface and passes to the surface of the specimen.

Abstract: A light screen device for measuring the velocity of a projectile comprising laser disposed opposite to one end of a first plane reflecting mirror and inclined with respect thereto to cause a laser beam to strike the first plane reflecting mirror and in turn to reflect the beam to a second plane mirror and successively reflecting the beam back and forth vertically to higher points on each mirror surface forming a criss-cross rectangularly shaped light grid network therebetween. A light detector is disposed axially in line with a reflected beam to intercept and detect the continuing presence thereof and to generate a pulse signal in response to the projectile passing through the light screen to stop a counting circuit.

Abstract: The disclosure describes an improved tachometer for displaying the speed of an engine which produces ignition pulses. The tachometer includes a pulse-forming circuit, a meter, and a capacitor connected in series with the meter. A rectifier enables the transmission of a current pulse through the capacitor and meter in response to each timing pulse. A discharge device momentarily interconnects the opposed plates of the capacitor in response to the terminal of each timing pulse, whereby the voltage on the capacitor is dissipated. The meter indicates the speed of the engine by responding to the frequency of the current pulses. The discharge device includes a diode and transistor connected across the capacitor.

Abstract: Variations in the conventional filament and collector electrodes of an alkali metal ionization detector, including the substitution of helical electrode configurations for either the conventional wire filament or flat plate collector; or, the substitution of a plurality of discrete filament electrodes providing an in situ capability for transferring from an operationally defective filament electrode to a previously unused filament electrode without removing the alkali metal ionization detector from the monitored environment.In particular, the helical collector arrangement which is coaxially disposed about the filament electrode, i.e. the thermal ionizer, provides an improved collection of positive ions developed by the filament electrode.

Abstract: A triode ionization gauge controller employing logarithmic amplifiers develops a signal proportional to the logarithm of the ratio of an ion current to the ionizing current. Gaseous thermal conductivity is employed to reduce emission current at high pressure, thereby prolonging the life of the cathode. Complete over-pressure protection is accomplished by comparing emission current with respect to a predetermined limiting current.

Abstract: A velocity sensor for sensing the speed of a moving conductive body employing an E-shaped magnetic core having a pair of spaced Hall effect devices positioned on the end of the central core, the ends of all cores being arranged adjacent to the path of the moving conductive body. The difference in output voltage registered by the two Hall effect devices is indicative of the speed of the conductive body.

Abstract: A digital tachometer arrangement in which pulses resulting from rotation of a shaft, are counted over a predetermined time interval. The time interval is established by counting pulses from a high frequency oscillator. The counting of pulses from the high frequency oscillator is begun only at a predetermined instant when the pulses from the rotating shaft attain a positive edge. Relating the beginning of the time interval precisely to a predetermine edge of the pulses from the rotating shaft, provides for a stabilized display which counts the pulses from the shaft during the preset time interval. The count of the pulses from the rotating shaft over the preset time interval, is proportional to the rotational speed of the shaft, and is displayed on a digital readout connected to a binary-coded decimal counter receiving pulses from the rotating shaft.

Abstract: High-speed testing circuitry which, when coupled to one terminal of a multi-terminal electronic device, such as an integrated circuit, can either supply test stimuli signals up to a frequency of 30 MHz, receive output signals produced by the device under test in response to test stimuli signals applied by associated test circuits and compare these signals against computer predicted signals, or provide for parametric testing of the device.

Abstract: Apparatus is disclosed for remotely sensing the mechanical position of one r more objects in an electrical inferference sensitive environment, such as the landing gear of an aircraft of the like in which is utilized a passive, fiber optic transmission system having means for testing the continuity of the system to enhance safety and reliability.

Abstract: A photo multiplier tube is connected through a wave shaping and coupling cuit to an evaluation circuit; to provide for simple evaluation, for example, in an integrator, the coupling and wave shaping circuit includes an amplifier and a limiter, preferably a Zener diode connected through suitable coupling resistors to the integrator. Switches are provided to close the circuit from the photomultiplier tube (PMT) to the integrator, connected with a photon emission event trigger circuit so that, under non-event producing conditions, the integrator is disconnected from the PMT to prevent evaluating and possibly indicating spurious dark current noise pulses.

Abstract: Stopped-flow reaction apparatus includes a dual drive syringe pump for pumping predetermined amounts of particles and reactants into a common reaction loop, the length of the latter, as well as the flow rate of the mixed solutions, determining the reaction time. The reacted solutions are then massively diluted, by means of a diluent supplied from another syringe pump, so as to freeze the state of reaction thereof and the diluted, non-reacting solution is then conducted to a continuous-flow, resistive particle counting apparatus.

Abstract: An aperture module for obtaining signals from microscopic particles suspended in a sample blood solution which passes through a scanning aperture. A module housing including an aperture holder is mounted on a container or bath containing a body of the particulate liquid suspension to be tested. The aperture holder with aperture formed therein extends into the vessel to permit passage of the sample through the aperture to an outlet chamber immediately behind the aperture. The chamber is connected to a source of clean electrolyte and has a narrowed or reduced dimension portion positioned immediately behind the aperture. A vacuum is applied to the chamber to cause the sample to be drawn through the aperture for testing thereof. An optical hemoglobinometer is positioned in association with the bath to measure the hemoglobin content of the solution to be tested.

Abstract: A highly accurate thermoelectrically controlled radiant energy detector achieving sufficient measurement stability to permit it to monitor the radiant energy output of a calibrated standard instrument, such as a luminance/illuminance source, which is to generate a standard quantity of radiant energy to be used, e.g., in the field testing and calibration of photometric instruments. The radiant energy detector provides a highly stable and drift free photometric measurement using a silicon photovoltaic detector arranged to receive radiant energy upon a sensitive surface thereof and to emit an electrical output signal related to the magnitude of incident radiant energy. A thermally conductive member, such as a mounting block, carries the light detecting element, and temperature sensing means, such as the semiconductor junction of a transistor, is in thermal communication with the conductive member.

Abstract: An arrangement for testing electric samples, such as, circuit components, circuit assemblies, and circuit cards having a plurality of probe contact points. An electromagnetic holding plate is provided on which several testing heads of the same and/or different probe contact point configuration are releasably mounted. The individual testing heads are arranged on the holding plate in accordance with the respective configuration of the sample. Each of the testing heads contains a number of testing tips which are adapted to the configuration of the probe contact points of their associated parts of the sample. The testing heads are connected to a suitable control unit which provides supply voltage and test pulses.

Abstract: This disclosure relates to a system for sensing the speeds of one or more movable members and selectively displaying one of the speeds. The system includes a speed sensor associated with each moving member and providing an output that is a function of the speed. A mode selector circuit directs one of the outputs to a multiplier circuit that converts the output to a form which is displayed or indicated in the desired system of units. The mode selector circuit sets up the system for one mode of operation upon initial energization but may be changed to a different mode by a sealed contactless switch. The multiplier circuit is programmable using an externally adjustable code device. The display automatically adjusts for different requirements in each of the modes and for different external operating conditions.

Abstract: An automatic capacitor winding machine including a photoelectric device for sensing the position of a capacitor tab which is rotated by a rotating arbor is disclosed. The sensing device is characterized by a light source providing a light-beam directed along a line which lies in a plane perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the arbor. The tab crosses the line along which the light-beam is directed only twice. The width of the light-beam is greater than the width of the tab at the line crossing nearest the light source. A photoelectric detector is positioned to receive light directed along the line and it is responsive to light impinging thereon. The detector has an angle of light acceptance such that the light-beam is prevented from impinging on the detector only when the tab is at the line crossing which is nearest to the light detector.This abstract is not to be taken either as a complete exposition or as a limitation of the present invention.

Abstract: A photon-counting detector array utilizes a one-dimensional multiple element anode array is in proximity focus to the last plate of the microchannel array for collecting the electrons generated therein. A specific embodiment has 64 anode elements. A detector system is provided with separate charge amplifiers, and level discriminators for each anode element. The discriminator outputs can be serially read out to a digital computer. Alternatively or additionally, the discriminator outputs are accumulated in counters, and display electronics are provided which can include digital-to-analog converters for forming a display representative of the counts accumulated in each counter, and the total count accumulated in all the counters.

Abstract: A rate measuring system for providing velocity signals, as desired, and displacement signals, including at least one accelerometer for providing an output voltage proportional to an acceleration input, amplifying means having an adjustable voltage gain for amplifying the output voltage from the accelerometer, means for integrating the amplifier output voltage to provide an output voltage proportional to velocity, means for comparing the output voltage proportional to the acceleration input and the output voltage proportional to velocity with predetermined voltage reference levels to provide an output signal when these signals are nominally zero, and means for shorting out the integrating means in response to a signal from the comparison means to provide a nominal zero velocity output.

Abstract: A method for obtaining increased flexibility and responsiveness in solid state switching devices to effect a change in voltage or field and a corresponding switching device for obtaining such result, wherein the charge transport component of the photoactivated switch is functionally separate and distinct from the photoconductive charge-generating component, the former being initially selected to provide the necessary changes with respect to voltage or field while simultaneously maintaining constant photoconductive parameters such as dark decay, spectral range, etc. in the latter component.

Abstract: In an optical detector which comprises on U-shaped transparent bar, a photoemitting diode disposed at one end of the bar and a phototransistor disposed at the other end of the bar, means for ensuring light-transmission is provided.