Abstract: A charging device includes a member to be charged; a charging member, provided connectable to the member to be charged, for charging the member to be a power source for supplying the oscillating voltage to the charging member; a constant voltage element connected electrically in parallel with the portion for generating the oscillating voltage.

Abstract: An image fixing rotatable member and an image fixing apparatus using the rotatable member as a pressing rotatable member, having a fluorine resin tube over a rubber layer, wherein the volume resistivity of the rubber layer is lower than that of the fluorine resin tube so as to avoid charge build-up on the fluorine resin tube.

Abstract: An image forming system for forming an image on a recording sheet, including a rotatable image bearing member, a cleaning member contacting the image bearing member to remove toner remaining on the image bearing member, and charger means contacting the image bearing member and disposed at a downstream side of the cleaning member in a direction of movement of the image bearing member. Lubricant having a low resistance is painted on a contacting portion of the cleaning member between the image bearing member and the cleaning member.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes a movable image bearing member; an image forming device for forming a toner image on the image bearing member; an image transfer device for transferring the toner image onto a transfer material at a transfer position, the transfer device including a rotatable member contactable to such a side of the transfer material as is opposite from a side contactable to the image bearing member and an electric field forming device for forming an electric field between the image bearing member and the rotatable member; wherein the electric field forming device forms a first electric field effective to transfer the toner from the rotatable member to the image bearing member and a second electric field which is opposite in a direction from the first electric field during a period in which the transfer material is absent at the transfer position, wherein each of the first and second electric fields is formed at least for a period required for the entire surface of the rotatable member pass

Abstract: A charging device including a movable member to be charged, and a charging member which is contactable to the member to be charged so as to charge the member to be charged, wherein the coefficient of dynamic friction between the member to be charged and a surface of the charging member contactable to the member to be charged is not lower than 0.4.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes a movable image bearing member; a transfer device cooperative with the image bearing member to form a nip, through which a transfer material is passed to electrostatically transfer an image from the image bearing member onto the transfer material; where the resistance R range providing proper image transfer is determined in accordance with the equation:-9.16.times.10.sup.3 .times.v+11.68-0.65.ltoreq.log.sub.10 (R.times.L).ltoreq.-9.16.times.10.sup.3 .times.v+11.68+0.65where V (mm/sec) is movement speed of the image bearing member (v.gtoreq.40), R (ohm) is a resistance of the transfer device when a voltage of 3 KV is applied between the image bearing member and the transfer device, and L (mm) is a length of the nip measured in a direction of a generating line of the image bearing member.

Abstract: A developing apparatus having a container for containing a one component developer, and a rotatable developing roller disposed facing an image bearing member to carry developer from the container to a development zone where it is supplied to an electrostatic latent image carried on an image bearing member. The developing roller includes a metal base member and a resin coating layer thereon in which fine conductive particles are dispersed. The developing roller has a surface including an end region adjacent an end of the roller, and an intermediate region. In the end region, the base member is not roughened and the resin layer is not provided. In the intermediate region, inside the end region, the base member is roughened and is coated with the resin layer. A sealing member is provided for preventing leakage of the developer from the container at the end of the developing roller, the sealing member being faced to the end region of the developing roller.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes an image forming device for forming an image on a recording material, the image forming device including an image bearing member, a movable charging member for charging the image bearing member and a power source for supplying electric power to the charging member; a constant current controller for supplying the charging member with a predetermined constant level of electric current; and a second controller for controlling an image forming condition by the image forming device on the basis of plural voltage provided at different points of time during a constant current control operation with the same constant current level by the constant current controller.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes a movable image bearing member; an image forming device for forming a toner image on the image bearing member; image transfer device for transferring the toner image from the image bearing member to a transfer material at an image transfer station, wherein the transfer device includes a charging member press-contacted or faced to the image bearing member and a device for applying a voltage to the charging member, wherein the voltage applying device applies a voltage to the charging member so that the charging member is constant-voltage-controlled when an image region of the image bearing member is in the transfer station, and the charging member is constant-current-controlled during at least a part of a period when it is not in the transfer station, wherein a voltage V2 applied during the constant voltage control is a voltage V1 appearing in the transfer device during the constant current control multiplied by a coefficient R, in which R is larger than 1.

Abstract: An image fixing apparatus for fixing a toner image on a recording material includes a pair of rotatable members for forming a nip through which the recording material is passed; and bias voltage applying source for applying a bias voltage to at least one of the rotatable members, wherein the bias voltage is automatically changed in accordance with change of an ambient condition.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes a movable image bearing member, an image forming device for forming the image bearing member, and an image transfer device contactable to the image bearing member at an image transfer position. The transfer device transfers the image formed by the image forming device onto a transfer material while the transfer material is conveyed through the transfer position together with the image bearing member, wherein the transfer device has a hardness of 20-40 degrees (Asker-C), and it is pressed to the image bearing member at a pressure of 50-200 g/cm.sup.2, and wherein a peripheral speed of the transfer device at the transfer position during a transfer operation is higher than a peripheral speed of the image bearing member at the transfer position.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus has a charging device for charging a photosensitive member containing an organic photoconducter, an exposure device, a developing device including a developer, a transfer device and a cleaning device. The photosensitive member employs an organic photoconductor and a polycarbonate resin layer which forms the surface of the photosensitive member. The developer device has a sleeve with a thin layer of an electrical coating material containing dispersed carbon particles. The developer contains insulating magnetic toner particles of relatively small particle size formed from a styrene-acrylic type copolymer or a polyester resin and a magnetic powder.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes a movable image bearing member; an image forming device for forming an image on the image bearing member; and a transfer device for transferring the image from the image bearing member onto a transfer material, the transfer device including a movable transfer member contacted to the image bearing member and for conveying the transfer material by the contact portion. The transfer member is disposed in such a direction that a surface friction in the direction of the movement of the transfer member relative to the image bearing member is large.

Abstract: In the construction of an electric acoustic converter such as a speaker for musical instruments, a tone generating unit arranged near one open end of a resonant tube is accompanied with a partition which has a central through hole and extends across the longitudinal hole of the resonant tube. For complicated modes of resonance and rich acoustic vibration, two or more resonant tubes of different types may be used in combination with one or more tone generating units. Presence of such a partition clearly defines the length of the resonant air columns to be produced in the resonant tube and such clear-cut resonant air columns bring about high resonance sharpness.

Abstract: A laser beam printer includes laser beam generator for producing a laser beam modulated in accordance with image information, deflector for deflecting the laser beam produced by the laser beam generator to effect a scanning operation, the deflector is rotatable to deflect the laser beam, a rotatable photosensitive member for being exposed to the laser beam deflected by the deflector, controller for controlling the deflector and for controlling rotation of the photosensitive member, and wherein upon printing signal, the controller causes the deflector to start its rotation, and thereafter, causes the photosensitive member to start its rotation.

Abstract: An electronic keyboard percussion instrument includes a hammer such as a mallet, a plurality of plates, striking detection devices, and a musical tone generating section. The plates respectively correspond to note names of musical tones to be produced and aligned parallel to each other. The striking detection devices are respectively mounted on lower surfaces of the plates to detect striking of the plate with the mallet and to generate a striking detection signal. The musical tone generating section generates a musical tone of the note name corresponding to the struck plate in response to the striking detection signal. The striking detecting section may include a pressure sensitive element in order to make the musical tone responsive to a force striking the plate.

Abstract: An image processing apparatus comprises an image data generator and a characteristic converter for converting a characteristic of the image data generated by the image data generator. The characteristic converter includes a table for converting the image data in a first mode and a second table for converting in a second mode. The first and second tables are selectively used in recording one image. Data generator for generating data to be stored in the first and second conversion tables has a reference characteristic conversion table to be used as a base in generating the data.

Abstract: There is disclosed an apparatus for obtaining image signal by tonal processing of an input signal. Pulse-width modulation of the input signal is achieved thorugh comparison with a second signal of a predetermined shaped, for example a triangular signal. In order to avoid the influence of fluctuating factors in pulse-width modulation, the apparatus also has a third signal generator, and the pulse-width modulated signal or a pattern signal generated by the third signal generator is selectively used for image formation.

Abstract: In construction of a musical recorder, a sound collector such as a microphone is attached to the body of the recorder at the position of the constant belly of the basic vibration of resonant air columns formed in the bore of the recorder at musical tone generation in order to obtain constant sound collecting level with large howling margin at musical tone regeneration without any influence of the wall configuration of the bore.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus wherein the pulse width of an information signal for forming an information beam to be projected onto a photosensitive member is different depending on the image density of the image to be formed. An image density information of a latent image or a displayed image formed with the use of the information beam modulated in a reference signal is detected. In response to the result of the detection, the pulse width or the level of the information signal is controlled.