Abstract: An optical film in which a retardation film is laminated on one side of a polarizing plate, in which a transparent protective film is laminated on both sides of a polarizer, so that an absorbing axis of the polarizing plate and a slow axis of the retardation film may be perpendicular or may be parallel to each other, wherein a value Nz represented by Nz=(nx1−nzi)/(nx1−ny1) satisfies a range of 0.4 through 0.

Abstract: The present invention provides a polarizing film having a high polarization degree and high transmittance, a process for producing the polarizing film, and a polarizing plate using the polarizing film, and an optical member. In the process for producing the polarizing film, a polyvinyl alcohol-based film is dry-stretched uniaxially, relaxed in an aqueous solution containing iodine or a dichroic dyestuff, and further stretched in an aqueous solution containing a PVA crossling agent. It is preferable that the polyvinyl alcohol-based film has a dry-stretch ratio of at least 2, the film after relaxation has a stretch ratio of at least 1.02, and the total stretch ratio is at most 6.5. It is also preferable that the relaxation rate is at most 10% of the dry-stretch ratio.

Abstract: A polarizer comprising a polyvinyl alcohol based film being dyed by iodine and treated with potassium iodide, wherein an element content ratio (K/I) of iodine (I) and potassium (K) is 0.05 through 0.24, show an effect controlling coloring and satisfying high durability under conditions of high temperature.

Abstract: A polarizer provide that has a high polarization degree and a high transmittance, which is made of a polyvinyl alcohol film, may be produced by a process of producing, comprising the steps of: subjecting a non-stretched polyvinyl alcohol film to uniaxial dry stretching treatment to give a stretch ratio of 4 times or less, dyeing the film, and then subjecting the film to uniaxial stretching treatment to give a stretch ratio of less than 1.5 times under the condition containing a boron compound.

Abstract: An oriented film with a high degree of orientation may be manufactured even a width of master roll film is wider width, by a manufacturing method for an oriented film, comprising steps of stretching an un-oriented polyvinyl alcohol derived film in dry and in longitudinal uniaxial direction by applying tension produced by peripheral velocity difference between rolls, wherein a value of L/W is not more than 0.6 when a distance between rolls defined as L and a width of the un-oriented polyvinyl alcohol derived film is defined as W; and further heating at 60 to 160° C. after the stretching step.

Abstract: An oriented film of polyvinyl alcohol derived film that demonstrates a small dimensional change under a heated or humidified condition is obtained by a manufacturing method for an oriented film comprising the steps of; stretching in two to six times a non-stretched filmwith moisturepercentage adjusted to no more than 10% comprising polyvinyl alcohols or derivatives by heating at no less than 70° C.; and subsequently annealing by heating again at no less than 70° C. after once cooling at no more than 40° C.

Abstract: An oriented film of polyvinyl alcohol derived film with reduced stretch irregularity and uniform orientation in a wide range of a stretching ratio is obtained by a manufacturing method for an oriented film, comprising the steps of: contacting a non-stretched film, comprising polyvinyl alcohols or derivatives thereof, with moisture percentage adjusted to no more than 10%, to at least one heating roll currently driven and heating the film at no less than 70° C.; subsequently giving a tension and stretching using a peripheral velocity difference between the heating roll concerned and a stretch roll in a position ahead of said heating roll in a running direction of the film.

Abstract: There is provided a network shopping system that contributes to the omission of the item to be purchased and the prevention of purchasing an unnecessary item. Information of equipment that each client possesses is stored in net member DB. A main item, an option, or an item having a tendency to be used at the same time, are associated with an item related thereto and stored in related item DB. When a user inputs individual identification information for authentication processing, the system searches net member DB to specify equipment that the user possesses. Next, the system gains access to related item DB, searches a related item, and recommends the item to the user.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus comprising a toner image retaining member having an electrically conductive substrate and a dielectric layer formed thereon is disclosed. In the image forming apparatus, an electrostatic latent image corresponding to an image of a document is formed on a photoconductive member, and the electrostatic latent image is developed with a toner so as to form a visible toner image on the photoconductive member. Thereafter, in the primary transfer process, the dielectric layer is electrified and the electrified dielectric layer is brought into contact with the photoconductive member so as to transfer the toner image onto the toner image retaining member, and in the secondary transfer process, the transferred toner image is transferred onto a paper.

Abstract: A color image forming method using a toner image retaining member is disclosed. In the color image forming method, a plurality of electrostatic latent images corresponding to respective color components of an image of a document are formed sequentially on a photoconductive member, and the electrostatic latent images are developed sequentially with respective toners of different colors so as to form the corresponding visible toner images on the photoconductive member. Thereafter, the toner images are transferred sequentially onto the toner image retaining member by electrifying the toner image retaining member every transfer process for each of the toner image so as to form a color image thereon, and the color image is transferred onto a paper.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus which includes a color editing function is provided with two developing units, each of the developing units contain an impeding device for impeding flow of the developer as it is transported on a peripheral surface of the developing sleeve locally in the axial direction of the roller. An image editing device is provided for specifying an optical area of a desired image to be produced and a controller is provided for controlling the developing units so as to permit development of a specified area by one developing unit and to develop any unspecified area by the other developing unit.