Abstract: A process for the preparation of 1-substituted anthraquinones represented by the general formula I ##EQU1## where, in the formula, R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 represent individually a hydrogen atom or methyl group and X represents a hydroxylamino or amino group,Which comprises treating in a liquid medium a 5-nitro-1,4,4a,9a-tetrahydroanthraquinone represented by the general formula II ##EQU2## where, in the general formula, R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 represent individually a hydrogen atom or methyl group,In the presence of a basic compound with or without a reducing agent.

Abstract: Phenols such as phenol, o-cresol, m-cresol, p-cresol, xylenols, ethylphenol, propylphenol, and butylphenol are selectively methylated in ortho-position with methanol in the vapour phase at an elevated temperature, for example, 300.degree. to 500.degree.C, under a pressure of 0.5 to 20 atmospheres absolute at a space velocity of 100 to 2000 hr.sup..sup.-1 in the presence of a three-component catalyst consisting of cerium oxide, magnesium oxide and germanium oxide, or a four-component catalyst consisting of cerium oxide, magnesium oxide, germanium oxide and tin oxide.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of 5-nitro-1,4-naphthoquinone comprising nitrating 1,4-naphthoquinone under such a condition that the dehydrating value of sulfuric acid in the reaction mixture is at least 4 to selectively introduce a nitro group into the 5-position and pouring the reaction mixture into an aqueous medium to precipitate the product.