Abstract: An optical network system includes a master node and a plurality of optical switch nodes, allowing the number of nodes without depending on the number of wavelengths. The master node is configured to: divide a wavelength path having an arbitrary wavelength into time slots each having a predetermined time period; and allocate the time slots to each of the optical switch nodes. Each of the optical switch nodes is configured to: synchronize the time slots based on information delivered from the master node; and thereby transmit or receive a data or performs route switching.

Abstract: An optical network system includes a master node and a plurality of optical switch nodes, allowing the number of nodes without depending on the number of wavelengths. The master node is configured to: divide a wavelength path having an arbitrary wavelength into time slots each having a predetermined time period; and allocate the time slots to each of the optical switch nodes. Each of the optical switch nodes is configured to: synchronize the time slots based on information delivered from the master node; and thereby transmit or receive a data or performs route switching.

Abstract: An economical optical network is constituted by effectively using network resources by using the minimum number of, or minimum capacity of 3R repeaters. 3R section information corresponding to topology information on the optical network to which an optical node device itself belongs is stored, and the 3R section information stored is referred so as to autonomously determine whether or not the optical node device itself is an optical node device for implementing the 3R relay when setting an optical path passing through the optical node device itself. Alternatively, when the optical node device itself is a source node, another optical node device for implementing the 3R relay among the other optical node devices through which the optical path from the optical node device itself to the destination node passes is identified, and this identified optical node device is requested to implement the 3R relay when setting an optical path in which the optical node device itself is a source node.

Abstract: A process is provided for preparing a polyester styrene vinyl hybrid polymer latex composition which may be used to prepare toner for use in electrographic applications by the emulsion aggregation process. The process includes preparing a polyester by polycondensation, preparing a solution of the polyester in a mixture of styrene and vinyl monomers, emulsifying the polyester/monomer solution, and polymerizing the emulsion via emulsion polymerization to yield a polyester styrene vinyl hybrid polymer latex composition. The latex affords excellent fixing when used in chemically produced toner made by the emulsion aggregation process.

Abstract: A process is provided for preparing a bimodal styrene vinyl polymer latex composition, which may be used to prepare toner for use in electrophotographic applications by the emulsion aggregation process. The process includes preparing a low molecular weight styrene polymer (LMWP) by solution polymerization, preparing a solution of the LMWP in a mixture of styrene and vinyl monomers, emulsifying the LMWP/monomer solution in water, and polymerizing the LMWP and mixture of styrene and vinyl monomers via emulsion polymerization to yield a bimodal molecular weight composition. The latex affords excellent fixing when used in chemically produced toners such as toners produced by emulsion aggregation.

Abstract: An economical optical network is constituted by effectively using network resources by using the minimum number of, or minimum capacity of 3R repeaters. 3R section information corresponding to topology information on the optical network to which an optical node device itself belongs is stored, and the 3R section information stored is referred so as to autonomously determine whether or not the optical node device itself is an optical node device for implementing the 3R relay when setting an optical path passing through the optical node device itself. Alternatively, when the optical node device itself is a source node, another optical node device for implementing the 3R relay among the other optical node devices through which the optical path from the optical node device itself to the destination node passes is identified, and this identified optical node device is requested to implement the 3R relay when setting an optical path in which the optical node device itself is a source node.

Abstract: An economical optical network is constituted by effectively using network resources by using the minimum number of, or minimum capacity of 3R repeaters. 3R section information corresponding to topology information on the optical network to which an optical node device itself belongs is stored, and the 3R section information stored is referred so as to autonomously determine whether or not the optical node device itself is an optical node device for implementing the 3R relay when setting an optical path passing through the optical node device itself. Alternatively, when the optical node device itself is a source node, another optical node device for implementing the 3R relay among the other optical node devices through which the optical path from the optical node device itself to the destination node passes is identified, and this identified optical node device is requested to implement the 3R relay when setting an optical path in which the optical node device itself is a source node.

Abstract: An OVPN user register an L1 signal type information which is used in the user's device in an OVPN terminating device in advance together with an IP address and a VPNID which are allocated to the user's device. Registered contents are notified to other OVPN terminating devices which control the same VPNID as that of the user's device. Otherwise, when a calling connection request arrives from the user's device, the registered contents are notified other OVPN terminating devices which control the devices which receive the notification. By doing this, it is possible to handle a request by the user for changing the setting for the signal format which is employed in the user's device quickly. Also, it is possible to realize an OVPN which can perform a process for a calling connection request from the user efficiently and improve an operability for the user.

Abstract: An economical optical network is constituted by effectively using network resources by using the minimum number of, or minimum capacity of 3R repeaters. 3R section information corresponding to topology information on the optical network to which an optical node device itself belongs is stored, and the 3R section information stored is referred so as to autonomously determine whether or not the optical node device itself is an optical node device for implementing the 3R relay when setting an optical path passing through the optical node device itself. Alternatively, when the optical node device itself is a source node, another optical node device for implementing the 3R relay among the other optical node devices through which the optical path from the optical node device itself to the destination node passes is identified, and this identified optical node device is requested to implement the 3R relay when setting an optical path in which the optical node device itself is a source node.

Abstract: An economical optical network is constituted by effectively using network resources by using the minimum number of, or minimum capacity of 3R repeaters. 3R section information corresponding to topology information on the optical network to which an optical node device itself belongs is stored, and the 3R section information stored is referred so as to autonomously determine whether or not the optical node device itself is an optical node device for implementing the 3R relay when setting an optical path passing through the optical node device itself. Alternatively, when the optical node device itself is a source node, another optical node device for implementing the 3R relay among the other optical node devices through which the optical path from the optical node device itself to the destination node passes is identified, and this identified optical node device is requested to implement the 3R relay when setting an optical path in which the optical node device itself is a source node.

Abstract: An economical optical network is constituted by effectively using network resources by using the minimum number of, or minimum capacity of 3R repeaters. 3R section information corresponding to topology information on the optical network to which an optical node device itself belongs is stored, and the 3R section information stored is referred so as to autonomously determine whether or not the optical node device itself is an optical node device for implementing the 3R relay when setting an optical path passing through the optical node device itself. Alternatively, when the optical node device itself is a source node, another optical node device for implementing the 3R relay among the other optical node devices through which the optical path from the optical node device itself to the destination node passes is identified, and this identified optical node device is requested to implement the 3R relay when setting an optical path in which the optical node device itself is a source node.

Abstract: An economical optical network is constituted by effectively using network resources by using the minimum number of, or minimum capacity of 3R repeaters. 3R section information corresponding to topology information on the optical network to which an optical node device itself belongs is stored, and the 3R section information stored is referred so as to autonomously determine whether or not the optical node device itself is an optical node device for implementing the 3R relay when setting an optical path passing through the optical node device itself. Alternatively, when the optical node device itself is a source node, another optical node device for implementing the 3R relay among the other optical node devices through which the optical path from the optical node device itself to the destination node passes is identified, and this identified optical node device is requested to implement the 3R relay when setting an optical path in which the optical node device itself is a source node.

Abstract: An economical optical network is constituted by effectively using network resources by using the minimum number of, or minimum capacity of 3R repeaters. 3R section information corresponding to topology information on the optical network to which an optical node device itself belongs is stored, and the 3R section information stored is referred so as to autonomously determine whether or not the optical node device itself is an optical node device for implementing the 3R relay when setting an optical path passing through the optical node device itself. Alternatively, when the optical node device itself is a source node, another optical node device for implementing the 3R relay among the other optical node devices through which the optical path from the optical node device itself to the destination node passes is identified, and this identified optical node device is requested to implement the 3R relay when setting an optical path in which the optical node device itself is a source node.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for control object manipulation from an initial position to a final position. A jerk control profile describes a near time-optimal jerk trajectory for the control object and includes a sequence of first, second and third sinusoidal pulses of respectively alternating polarity and common absolute magnitude. The area of the second pulse is nominally equal to the combined area of the first and third pulses, and the pulses are preferably symmetric about the respective maximum pulse values. Associated control profiles (control voltage, current, velocity, displacement, etc.) are derived from the jerk control profile. For longer seeks, constant, non-zero jerk segments are inserted into the profile between the pulses, during which control voltage is maintained near saturation. The control object preferably comprises a transducer in a data storage device and the jerk control profile is stored in a memory location of the device.

Abstract: An economical optical network is constituted by effectively using network resources by using the minimum number of, or minimum capacity of 3R repeaters. 3R section information corresponding to topology information on the optical network to which an optical node device itself belongs is stored, and the 3R section information stored is referred so as to autonomously determine whether or not the optical node device itself is an optical node device for implementing the 3R relay when setting an optical path passing through the optical node device itself. Alternatively, when the optical node device itself is a source node, another optical node device for implementing the 3R relay among the other optical node devices through which the optical path from the optical node device itself to the destination node passes is identified, and this identified optical node device is requested to implement the 3R relay when setting an optical path in which the optical node device itself is a source node.

Abstract: An OVPN user register an L1 signal type information which is used in the user's device in an OVPN terminating device in advance together with an IP address and a VPNID which are allocated to the user's device. Registered contents are notified to other OVPN terminating devices which control the same VPNID as that of the user's device. Otherwise, when a calling connection request arrives from the user's device, the registered contents are notified other OVPN terminating devices which control the devices which receive the notification. By doing this, it is possible to handle a request by the user for changing the setting for the signal format which is employed in the user's device quickly. Also, it is possible to realize an OVPN which can perform a process for a calling connection request from the user efficiently and improve an operability for the user.

Abstract: The present invention provides a toner composition mainly comprising a binder resin (D) which contains at least 20% by weight of an urethane-modified polyester resin (C) obtained by reacting a polyester resin (A) with an isocyanate compound (B) and whose gel fraction ranges from 2 to 75% by weight. The toner composition exhibits good melting properties upon heating suitable for fast reproduction such as a low lower limit of the fixing temperature and a wide range for permitted fixing temperature and is further excellent in resistance to blocking, resistance to carrier contamination and image-forming properties. The binder resin as the main component of the toner composition can be prepared according to a method comprising the step of continuously adding an isocyanate compound (B) to a polyester resin (A) in an equivalent ratio, NCO/OH, of the amount of the NCO groups of the isocyanate compound (B) to that of OH groups of the polyester resin (A) ranging from 0.3 to 1.

Abstract: A resin for electrophotographic toner comprising a degradable polyester resin which is an amorphous poly (.alpha.-hydroxycarboxylic acid) prepared by direct dehydration-polycondensation of an .alpha.-hydroxycarboxylic acid and having, preferably, a number-average molecular weight ranging from 2000 to 7000. A further resin for electrophotographic toner comprising a degradable polyester resin which may be prepared by reacting an amorphous or semicrystalline poly (.alpha.-hydroxycarboxylic acid), having a number-average molecular weight ranging from 1000 to 7000 or 2000 to 7000 and prepared by direct dehydration-polycondensation of an .alpha.-hydroxycarboxylic acid, with a polyol having at least three hydroxyl groups or a polycarboxylic acid having at least three carboxyl groups in the molecule and, in case of the reaction product with the polyol can further be reacted with a diisocyanate to give an urethane-modified polyester. These polyesters can likewise be used as resins for toner.

Abstract: This invention discloses electrophotographic toners and the methods for their preparation. The electrophotographic toners contain resin and coloring agents as primary components. The resin is a non-crosslinked polymer of vinyl monomers or its mixtures, and has a number average molecular weight (Mn) of 2,000-15,000, a Z average molecular weight (Mz) of not less than 400,000 and Mz/Mn of 50-600. The electrophotographic toners exert an excellent fixing ability at high duplication speed or at lower temperatures.

Abstract: Disclosed is a toner composition for electrophotography which comprises, as a principal component, a urethane-modified polyester resin whose loss tangent (tan .delta.) has a maximum and a minimum both falling within the range of from 0.7 to 2.5, the loss tangent being determined at 150.degree. C. and a frequency ranging from 10.sup.-2 to 10 Hz. The toner composition has excellent low temperature fixing ability and offset resistance as well as a wide range of permitted fixing temperature.