Abstract: The disclosed technology relates generally to switching devices and more particularly to switching devices employing micro-electromechanical system (MEMS) switches. The switching devices can serve as circuit breakers for protecting electrical systems against certain electrical events. The switching devices can be configured to monitor and control one or both the MEMS switches and the electrical systems being protected. The disclosed technology additionally relates to systems including the switching devices and methods of using the switching devices.

Abstract: The disclosed technology relates generally to switching devices and more particularly to switching devices employing micro-electromechanical system (MEMS) switches. The switching devices can serve as circuit breakers for protecting electrical systems against certain electrical events. The switching devices can be configured to monitor and control one or both the MEMS switches and the electrical systems being protected. The disclosed technology additionally relates to systems including the switching devices and methods of using the switching devices.

Abstract: The disclosed technology relates generally to switching devices and more particularly to switching devices employing micro-electromechanical system (MEMS) switches. The switching devices can serve as circuit breakers for protecting electrical systems against certain electrical events. The switching devices can be configured to monitor and control one or both the MEMS switches and the electrical systems being protected. The disclosed technology additionally relates to systems including the switching devices and methods of using the switching devices.

Abstract: The disclosed technology relates generally to switching devices and more particularly to switching devices employing micro-electromechanical system (MEMS) switches. The switching devices can serve as circuit breakers for protecting electrical systems against certain electrical events. The switching devices can be configured to monitor and control one or both the MEMS switches and the electrical systems being protected. The disclosed technology additionally relates to systems including the switching devices and methods of using the switching devices.

Abstract: The disclosed technology relates generally to switching devices and more particularly to switching devices employing micro-electromechanical system (MEMS) switches. The switching devices can serve as circuit breakers for protecting electrical systems against certain electrical events. The switching devices can be configured to monitor and control one or both the MEMS switches and the electrical systems being protected. The disclosed technology additionally relates to systems including the switching devices and methods of using the switching devices.

Abstract: The disclosed technology relates generally to switching devices and more particularly to switching devices employing micro-electromechanical system (MEMS) switches. The switching devices can serve as circuit breakers for protecting electrical systems against certain electrical events. The switching devices can be configured to monitor and control one or both the MEMS switches and the electrical systems being protected. The disclosed technology additionally relates to systems including the switching devices and methods of using the switching devices.

Abstract: A reference electrode of an electrochemical sensor includes a substrate having internal walls defining a well and a channel. The reference electrode includes a conductive element disposed in the substrate. The well extends from a first surface of a substrate towards a second surface of the substrate. The channel is within the substrate. The channel has a first end connected to the well and a second end that is in contact with the conductive element. The reference electrode may include an additional well that extends from the first surface towards the second surface. The additional well may be connected to the second end of the channel and may be in contact with the conductive element. The channel and the wells form a flow path of a conductive medium. The flow path may be coupled to an agitating element or heating element that promotes flow of the conductive medium.

Abstract: A reference electrode of an electrochemical sensor includes a substrate having a well, a channel, and a conductive element. The well extends from a first surface of a substrate towards a second surface of the substrate. The channel is within the substrate. A longitudinal axis of the channel may be substantially perpendicular to a longitudinal axis of the well. The channel has a first end connected to the well and a second end that is in contact with the conductive element. The channel and the wells form a flow path of a conductive medium. The flow path may be coupled to a manipulating element such as an agitating element or heating element that promotes flow of the membrane.

Abstract: A reference electrode of an electrochemical sensor includes a substrate having well, a channel, and a conductive element therein. The well extends from a first surface of a substrate towards a second surface of the substrate. The channel is within the substrate. A longitudinal axis of the channel may be substantially perpendicular to a longitudinal axis of the well. The channel has a first end connected to the well and the conductive element is exposed to a second of the channel. The channel and the wells form a flow path of a conductive medium. A valve is coupled to the flow path and configured to control a flow of the conductive medium to the electrically conductive element through the flow path.

Abstract: Aspects of this disclosure relate to force based on a profile of magnetically sensitive material in a container. One or more sensors can detect the profile of the magnetically sensitive material, where the profile is associated with a force applied to the container. The profile includes magnetically sensitive material concentrated in one or more particular areas within the container. Related systems and methods for force detection are disclosed.

Abstract: Aspects of this disclosure relate to detecting temperature based on movement of one or more particles within a container. The container includes a medium material. Mobility of the one or more particles in the medium material changes in response to a change in temperature.

Abstract: A reference electrode of an electrochemical sensor includes a substrate having internal walls defining a well and a channel. The reference electrode includes a conductive element disposed in the substrate. The well extends from a first surface of a substrate towards a second surface of the substrate. The channel is within the substrate. The channel has a first end connected to the well and a second end that is in contact with the conductive element. The reference electrode may include an additional well that extends from the first surface towards the second surface. The additional well may be connected to the second end of the channel and may be in contact with the conductive element. The channel and the wells form a flow path of a conductive medium. The flow path may be coupled to an agitating element or heating element that promotes flow of the conductive medium.

Abstract: The disclosed technology generally relates to electrical overstress protection devices, and more particularly to electrical overstress monitoring devices for detecting electrical overstress events in semiconductor devices. In one aspect, an electrical overstress monitor and/or protection device includes a two different conductive structures configured to electrically arc in response to an EOS event and a sensing circuit configured to detect a change in a physical property of the two conductive structures caused by the EOS event.

Abstract: Aspects of this disclosure relate to adjusting fluid flow using magnetically sensitive particles. Fluid can flow through an opening in a container. Magnetically sensitive particles can be confined within the container. A magnetic field can be applied to move the magnetically sensitive particles in the container to adjust flow of the fluid through the opening.

Abstract: The disclosed technology generally relates to electrical overstress protection devices, and more particularly to electrical overstress monitoring devices for detecting electrical overstress events in semiconductor devices. In one aspect, an electrical overstress monitor and/or protection device includes a two different conductive structures configured to electrically arc in response to an EOS event and a sensing circuit configured to detect a change in a physical property of the two conductive structures caused by the EOS event. The two conductive structures have facing surfaces that have different shapes.

Abstract: The disclosed technology generally relates to integrated circuit devices with wear out monitoring capability. An integrated circuit device includes a wear-out monitor device configured to record an indication of wear-out of a core circuit separated from the wear-out monitor device, wherein the indication is associated with localized diffusion of a diffusant within the wear-out monitor device in response to a wear-out stress that causes the wear-out of the core circuit.

Abstract: Aspects of this disclosure relate to particles that can move in response to a magnetic field. A system can include a container, particles within the container, and a magnetic structure integrated with the container. The magnetic structure can magnetically interact with both an external magnetic field and the particles. Related methods are disclosed including magnetic field detection methods based on detection of particles within a container.

Abstract: Circuit breakers based on micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) switches are described. A high voltage MEMS teeter-totter switch can include a beam coupled to an anchor on a substrate and two control electrodes, disposed on a surface of the substrate. A control voltage applied on one of the control electrodes with respect to a first reference voltage puts one of the two ends of the beam in electric contact with one of two contact electrodes of the MEMS teeter-totter switch to electrical connected two terminals of a circuit breaker. The input voltage is applied on the beam with respect to a second reference voltage different from the first reference voltage. A MEMS teeter-totter switch network comprises a plurality of MEMS teeter-totter switches configured to switch high voltage and high current between the two terminals of the circuit breaker.

Abstract: Circuit breakers comprising high voltage micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) switches are described. A MEMS teeter-totter switch connected between two terminals of the circuit breaker can include a beam coupled to an anchor on a substrate and two control electrodes disposed on a surface of the substrate. The circuit breaker includes one or more sensors that generate sensor signals indicative of operational conditions of the MEMS teeter-totter switch. A microcontroller generates control signals to change the state of the switch based at least in part on one of the sensor signals.

Abstract: High voltage microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) switches are described. The MEMS switches can be actively opened and closed. The switch can include a beam coupled to an anchor on a substrate by one or more hinges. The switch can include control electrodes, disposed on a surface of the substrate, for electrically controlling the beam. The anchor is asymmetrically positioned with respect to the two ends of the beam and is electrically connected to a middle electrode. A stopper serves as a pivot point during actuation of the switch to reduce the mechanical stress on the hinges.