Abstract: A method of identifying alveolar ventilation (VA) in a subject, the method comprising: (1) using a breathing circuit which, at exhalation, keeps exhaled gas separate from inhaled gas and at inhalation, when a first gas set (FGS) flow is less than the subject's minute ventilation (VE), results in a subject inhaling FGS first and then a second gas set (SGS), for the balance of inhalation; (2) setting the FGS flow at a rate greater that VE; (3) measuring an end tidal CO2 concentration at a steady state; (4) progressively lowering the FGS flow until a time equal to a recirculation time of CO2 in the subject; and (5) deriving VA as the rate of FGS flow at the intersection between an average PETCO2 in a steady state and a line fit to the PETCO2 values after the rise in PETCO2 values begins until the recirculation time.

Abstract: An apparatus to measure pulmonary blood flow and cardiac output ({dot over (Q)}) comprising: a) a breathing circuit which, at exhalation, keeps exhaled gas separate from inhaled gas and at inhalation, when VE is greater than first gas set (FGS) flow, results in a subject inhaling FGS first and then a second gas set (SGS), for the balance of inhalation; b) a gas sensor for monitoring gas concentrations at the patient-circuit interface; c) a gas flow control means for controlling the rate of EGS flow into the breathing circuit; d) machine-intelligence consisting of a computer or logic circuit capable of controlling the gas flow control means which receives the output of the gas sensor means and outputs pulmonary blood flow.

Abstract: A breathing circuit for use with a first gas set (FGS) and a second gas set (SGS), said circuit comprising means for keeping separate the FGS and SGS, and a means for sequentially delivering to a patient, first the FGS, and, on inspiration, when the patient inspires so as to deplete the supply of FGS into the circuit, subsequently delivers substantially SGS for the balance of inspiration.

Abstract: An apparatus to measure pulmonary blood flow and cardiac output (Q) comprising: a) a breathing circuit which, at exhalation, keeps exhaled gas separate from inhaled gas and at inhalation, when VE is greater than first gas set (FGS) flow, results in a subject inhaling FGS first and then a second gas set (SGS), for the balance of inhalation; b) a gas sensor for monitoring gas concentrations at the patient-circuit interface; c) a gas flow control means for controlling the rate of FGS flow into the breathing circuit; d) machine intelligence consisting of a computer or logic circuit capable of controlling the gas flow control means which receives the output of the gas sensor means and outputs pulmonary blood flow.

Abstract: A breathing circuit for sequential gas delivery of a first gas set (FGS) and a second gas set (SGS) employs an arrangement of conduits and active or passive valves to prevent mixing of the FGS and SGS including a valve triggered by depletion of FGS that makes the SGS available for inspiration after the FGS is depleted.

Abstract: An apparatus to measure pulmonary blood flow and cardiac output (Q) comprising: a) a breathing circuit which, at exhalation, keeps exhaled gas separate from inhaled gas and at inhalation, when VE is greater than first gas set (FGS) flow, results in a subject inhaling FGS first and then a second gas set (SGS), for the balance of inhalation; b) a gas sensor for monitoring gas concentrations at the patient-circuit interface; c) a gas flow control means for controlling the rate of FGS flow into the breathing circuit; d) machine intelligence consisting of a computer or logic circuit capable of controlling the gas flow control means which receives the output of the gas sensor means and outputs pulmonary blood flow.

Abstract: An apparatus to measure cardiac output (Q) and other parameters such as alveolar ventilation (VA), minute CO2 elimination from the lung (VCO2), minute oxygen consumption (VO2), oxygenated mixed venous partial pressure of CO2, (PvCO2-oxy), true mixed venous partial pressure of CO2(PvCO2), PaCO2, mixed venous oxygen saturation (SvO2), pulmonary shunt, and anatomical dead space, consisting of: a) a breathing circuit with characteristics that: i. on exhalation, exhaled gas is kept substantially separate from inhaled gas; ii.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for evaluating the relative contribution of the diaphragm versus other thoracic muscles to breathing by obtaining measurements of parameters that correlate with changes in thoracic cavity and intra-abdominal cavity pressures over identical time increments and organizing the measurement data in manner that reveals whether the pressures changes are characteristic of the pattern of contemporaneous pressure changes in those cavities that accompany contraction and/or relaxation of the diaphragm muscles or whether the pressure changes are characteristic of the pattern of contemporaneous pressure changes in those cavities that accompany contraction and/or relaxation of the intercostal muscles.

Abstract: A method of calculating the flux of any gas (x) in a CBC circuit for a ventilated or a spontaneous breathing subject, for example said gas(x) being; a) an anesthetic such as but limited to; i)N2O; ii) sevoflurane; iii) isoflurane; iv) halothane; v) desflurame; or the like b) Oxygen; c) Carbon dioxide; or the like utilizing the following relationships; Flux of gas(x)=SGF (FSX?FEX) wherein SGF=Source of gas flow into the breathing circuit (CBC circuit) in liters/minute as read from the gas flow meter as set by the anesthesiologist; FSX=Fractional concentration of gas X in the source gas (which is set by the anesthesiologist); FEX=Fractional concentration of gas X in the end expired gas as determined by a portable gas analyzer, or the like.

Abstract: An apparatus for inducing hypoxia in a subject is provided. The apparatus includes a breathing port, an inspiratory reservoir, means for introducing oxygen into the apparatus, means for controlling the flow rate of entry of oxygen into the apparatus at a rate below the subject's metabolic requirements, an expiratory reservoir having a vent, Sequential Gas Delivery means, and means for removing CO2 from the circuit.

Abstract: A process for determining gas(x) consumption, wherein said gas(x) is selected from; a) an anesthetic such as but not limited to; i) N2O; ii) sevoflurane; iii) isoflurane; iv) halothane; v) desflurame; or the like b) Oxygen (O2).

Abstract: An apparatus to measure cardiac output (Q) and other parameters such as alveolar ventilation (VA), minute CO2 elimination from the lung (VCO2 ), minute oxygen consumption (VO2), oxygenated mixed venous partial pressure of CO2, (PvCO2-oxy), true mixed venous partial pressure of CO2(PvCO2), PaCO2, mixed venous oxygen saturation (SvO2), pulmonary shunt, and anatomical dead space, consisting of: a) a breathing circuit with characteristics that: i. on exhalation, exhaled gas is kept substantially separate from inhaled gas; ii.

Abstract: A breathing circuit for use with a first gas set (FGS) and a second gas set (SGS), said circuit comprising means for keeping separate the FGS and SGS, and a means for sequentially delivering to a patient, first the FGS, and, on inspiration, when the patient inspires so as to deplete the supply of FGS into the circuit, subsequently delivers substantially SGS for the balance of inspiration.

Abstract: A method to maintain isocapnia for a subject. A fresh gas is provided to the subject when the subject breathes at a rate less than or equal to the fresh gas flowing to the subject. The fresh gas flow equal to a baseline minute ventilation minus a dead space gas ventilation of the subject contains a physiological insignificant amount of CO2. An additional reserve gas is provided to the subject when the subject breathes at a rate more than the fresh gas flowing to the subject. The reserve gas has a partial pressure of carbon dioxide equal to an arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide of the subject. A breathing circuit is applied to the method to maintain isocapnia for a subject. The breathing circuit has an exit port, a non-rebreathing valve, a source of fresh gas, a fresh gas reservoir and a reserve gas supply.

Abstract: A method of calculating the flux of any gas (x) in a CBC circuit for a ventilated or a spontaneous breathing subject, for example said gas(x) being; a) an anesthetic such as but limited to; i)N2O; ii) sevoflurane; iii) isoflurane; iv) halothane; v) desflurame; or the like b) Oxygen; c) Carbon dioxide; or the like utilizing the following relationships; Flux of gas(x)=SGF (FSX?FEX) wherein SGF=Source of gas flow into the breathing circuit (CBC circuit) in liters/minute as read from the gas flow meter as set by the anesthesiologist; FSX=Fractional concentration of gas X in the source gas (which is set by the anesthesiologist); FEX=Fractional concentration of gas X in the end expired gas as determined by a portable gas analyzer, or the like.

Abstract: A method to maintain isocapnia for a subject. A fresh gas is provided to the subject when the subject breathes at a rate less than or equal to the fresh gas flowing to the subject. The fresh gas flow equal to a baseline minute ventilation minus a dead space gas ventilation of the subject contains a physiological insignificant amount of CO2. An additional reserve gas is provided to the subject when the subject breathes at a rate more than the fresh gas flowing to the subject. The reserve gas has a partial pressure of carbon dioxide equal to an arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide of the subject. A breathing circuit is applied to the method to maintain isocapnia for a subject. The breathing circuit has an exit port, a non-rebreathing valve, a source of fresh gas, a fresh gas reservoir and a reserve gas supply.

Abstract: A method to maintain isocapnia for a subject. A fresh gas is provided to the subject when the subject breathes at a rate less than or equal to the fresh gas flowing to the subject. The fresh gas flow equal to a baseline minute ventilation minus a dead space gas ventilation of the subject contains a physiological insignificant amount of CO2. An additional reserve gas is provided to the subject when the subject breathes at a rate more than the fresh gas flowing to the subject. The reserve gas has a partial pressure of carbon dioxide equal to an arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide of the subject. A breathing circuit is applied to the method to maintain isocapnia for a subject. The breathing circuit has an exit port, a non-rebreathing valve, a source of fresh gas, a fresh gas reservoir and a reserve gas supply.

Abstract: A method and device for effective delivery of a gas such as oxygen for inhalation are described that sequentially dilute room air to the flow of gas during a respiratory cycle. A mask assembly is described that comprises an inspiratory and expiratory limb each containing a very low resistance one-way valve, and a sequential dilution conduit (leading from the atmosphere to the inspiratory limb) with a one-way valve that has a slightly positive cracking pressure. A sequential dilution valve may also be placed in the sequential dilution conduit.

Abstract: A method and device for effective delivery of a gas such as oxygen for inhalation is provided by sequentially diluting room air to the flow of gas during a respiratory cycle. A mask assembly is described that comprises an inspiratory and expiratory limb each containing a very low resistance one-way valve, and a sequential dilution conduit (leading from the atmosphere to the inspiratory limb) with a one-way valve that has a slightly positive cracking pressure. A gas reservoir is also attached to the inspiratory limb. During expiration, the reservoir is filled with oxygen, for example, flowing from the oxygen source. During inspiration, oxygen from the oxygen source and the reservoir are drawn preferentially. If the oxygen flow is equal to or greater than the minute ventilation of the subject, no atmospheric air is entrained into the mask assembly and the subject gets pure oxygen. If the minute ventilation (tidal volume) exceeds the oxygen flow, the reservoir is depleted.

Abstract: A method of controlling PCO2 in a patient at a predetermined desired level(s) comprising a breathing circuit which is capable of organizing exhaled gas so as to be preferentially inhaled during re-breathing when necessary by providing alveolar gas for re-breathing in preference to dead space gas.