Abstract: Methods and apparatuses for receive (Rx) beam selection are described herein. A wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) may be configured to receive, from a base station (BS), configuration information for joint communication and sensing (JCS) reference signals. The configuration information may include resources for reference signal transmission and resources for measurement reporting. The WTRU may be further configured to receive, from the BS, an indication to activate a subset of the resources for JCS reference signal transmission. The WTRU may be further configured to transmit, a plurality of JCS reference signals using the activated subset of resources for reference signal transmission. The WTRU may be further configured to measure, via a plurality of Rx beams, a backscatter power associated with each of the transmitted plurality of JCS reference signals. The WTRU may be further configured to calculate beam blockage statistics based on the measured backscatter power.

Abstract: A method for initial timing synchronization for a WTRU to communicate with a network includes receiving an in-channel narrowband synchronization sequence from the network to enable initial coarse timing synchronization, determining coarse timing offset and a range between a beam source of a network transmitter and the WTRU, selecting a wideband sequence for fine timing synchronization using the estimated range, transmitting the selected wideband sequence for fine timing synchronization during an uplink timing occasion, receiving from the network a transmission of the selected wideband sequence for fine timing synchronization, and establishing fine timing synchronization between the WTRU and the network using the selected sequence.

Abstract: A wireless transmit receive unit (WTRU) may receive a set of candidate resources, which may be used for transmission. The WTRU may periodically perform CCA on a channel (e.g., before transmitting on the channel). When the channel is determined to be free, the WTRU may determine a resource for transmission from the candidate resources. The resource may be determined based on the time remaining in the time period. For example, when the time remaining in the time period is shorter, the WTRU may determine to transmit on a resource that comprises more frequency resources. The WTRU may determine a Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) scheme based on the number of frequency resources. The WTRU may send a transmission on the resource, which may include a demodulation reference signal (DM-RS). The DM-RS may indicate the resource used from transmission to a receiver of the transmission.

Abstract: A method to reserve a directional channel, such as in an unlicensed spectrum for instance, is disclosed. In an example embodiment, the method may be performed by a receiving node, such as a user equipment (UE) for instance. In such method, the receiving node may receive an enhanced directional transmit request message from a transmitting node and transmit an enhanced directional transmit confirmation message using one or more first beams, with at least one first beam being directed in a first direction towards the transmitting node. Further, the receiving node may transmit at least one additional enhanced directional transmit confirmation message using one or more second beams, with at least one second beam being directed in a second direction towards a potentially interfering node. In the method, the second direction is a different direction than the first direction.

Abstract: Methods and apparatuses for receive (Rx) beam selection are described herein. A wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) may be configured to receive, from a base station (BS), configuration information for joint communication and sensing (JCS) reference signals. The configuration information may include resources for reference signal transmission and resources for measurement reporting. The WTRU may be further configured to receive, from the BS, an indication to activate a subset of the resources for JCS reference signal transmission. The WTRU may be further configured to transmit, a plurality of JCS reference signals using the activated subset of resources for reference signal transmission. The WTRU may be further configured to measure, via a plurality of Rx beams, a backscatter power associated with each of the transmitted plurality of JCS reference signals. The WTRU may be further configured to calculate beam blockage statistics based on the measured backscatter power.

Abstract: A WTRU may track parameters associated with the WTRU or target WTRUs. The parameters may be associated with positioning and/or sidelink communications. The WTRU may receive a configuration for transmission of reference signals to target WTRUs. The WTRU may transmit one or more reference signals on one or more configured sidelink resources. The WTRU may receive respective measurement report(s) from respective target WTRU(s) (e.g., a target WTRU may receive a reference signal transmitted by the WTRU and send an associated measurement report). The WTRU may be configured to send the received target WTRU measurement(s) to the network entity. The WTRU may send each of the received measurements. The WTRU may send the received measurement(s) if condition(s) are satisfied. For example, if a first measurement associated with a first measurement report from a first target WTRU exceeds a first threshold, the WTRU may send the first measurement to the network entity.

Abstract: A method, system and apparatus are described for implementing a tiered SSB framework for radar coexistence. A tiered-SSB based radio resource management may be implemented. Tiered-SSB based radio resource management are implemented in downlink and/or uplink.

Abstract: A wireless transmit receive unit (WTRU) may receive a set of candidate resources, which may be used for transmission. The WTRU may periodically perform CCA on a channel (e.g., before transmitting on the channel). When the channel is determined to be free, the WTRU may determine a resource for transmission from the candidate resources. The resource may be determined based on the time remaining in the time period. For example, when the time remaining in the time period is shorter, the WTRU may determine to transmit on a resource that comprises more frequency resources. The WTRU may determine a Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) scheme based on the number of frequency resources. The WTRU may send a transmission on the resource, which may include a demodulation reference signal (DM-RS). The DM-RS may indicate the resource used from transmission to a receiver of the transmission.

Abstract: A method for initial timing synchronization for a WTRU to communicate with a network includes receiving an in-channel narrowband synchronization sequence from the network to enable initial coarse timing synchronization, determining coarse timing offset and a range between a beam source of a network transmitter and the WTRU, selecting a wideband sequence for fine timing synchronization using the estimated range, transmitting the selected wideband sequence for fine timing synchronization during an uplink timing occasion, receiving from the network a transmission of the selected wideband sequence for fine timing synchronization, and establishing fine timing synchronization between the WTRU and the network using the selected sequence.

Abstract: A method performed by a base station may compromise: detecting an interference pattern; determining that the interference pattern impacts one or more code blocks (CBs) within one or more code block groups (CBGs); adjusting a size of the one or more CBGs; and transmitting, to a wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU), information associated with the adjusting of the size of the one or more CBGs. The interference pattern may be caused by a radio detection and ranging (RADAR) system. The adjusting of the size of the one or more CBGs may compromise increasing or decreasing the number of CBs within the one or more CBGs. The transmitting of the information relating to the adjusting of the size of the one or more CBGs may be performed via master information block (MIB) signaling, radio resource control (RRC) signaling, or downlink control information (DCI) signaling.

Abstract: Methods and apparatuses are described herein for robust bandwidth part (BWP) approaches to mitigate the impact of high power narrow-band interference. For example, a wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) may receive, from a base station (BS), configuration information indicating a plurality of initial bandwidth parts (BWPs). The plurality of initial BWPs may comprise a first initial BWP and a second initial BWP. The first initial BWP and the second initial BWP may be separated from each other in a frequency domain to avoid interference on at least one of the plurality of initial BWPs. The WTRU may send, based on failure to decode a transmission received in the first initial BWP, to the BS, an uplink transmission using the second initial BWP. The uplink transmission may include one or more preambles that are sent using a physical random access channel (PRACH).

Abstract: A method of interference mitigation performed by a base station, the method comprising: receiving radar operation information; determining interference based on the radar operation information; and based on the interference determination, dynamically reconfiguring a paging configuration operated by the base station to minimize or eliminate an impact of the interference.

Abstract: A WTRU may track parameters associated with the WTRU or target WTRUs. The parameters may be associated with positioning and/or sidelink communications. The WTRU may receive a configuration for transmission of reference signals to target WTRUs. The WTRU may transmit one or more reference signals on one or more configured sidelink resources. The WTRU may receive respective measurement report(s) from respective target WTRU(s) (e.g., a target WTRU may receive a reference signal transmitted by the WTRU and send an associated measurement report). The WTRU may be configured to send the received target WTRU measurement(s) to the network entity. The WTRU may send each of the received measurements. The WTRU may send the received measurement(s) if condition(s) are satisfied. For example, if a first measurement associated with a first measurement report from a first target WTRU exceeds a first threshold, the WTRU may send the first measurement to the network entity.

Abstract: A wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) may include one or more antennas and a first transceiver operatively coupled to the antennas. The one or more antennas and the first transceiver may be configured to receive a first signal from a network using zero energy from the WTRU. The one or more antennas and the first transceiver may be further configured to extract energy from the first signal. The first transceiver may be further configured to examine a separation between energy threshold events to decode an energy signature of the first signal. The first transceiver may be further configured to activate a second transceiver operatively coupled to the one or more antennas if the decoded energy signature matches a stored energy signature, wherein the second transceiver is powered by the WTRU. The one or more antennas and the second transceiver may be configured to receive a second signal from the network.

Abstract: A method and WTRU to support an in-channel narrowband companion air interface (NB-CAI) assisted wideband (WB) frequency error correction procedure is disclosed. The method may comprise a WTRU sending, via the NB-CAI, a frequency convergence reference signal (FCRS) scheduling request to a network node and receiving, via the NB-CAI, a FCRS scheduling response from the network node. The method may comprise receiving, via a wideband air interface (WB-AI), periodic FCRSs from the network node based on the received FCRS scheduling response and sending, via the NB-CAI, a request to the network node to change a rate of FCRS transmissions. The FCRS scheduling request may comprise range information. The request to change a rate of FCRS transmissions may be based on a convergence indication. The request to change a rate of FCRS transmissions may comprise a configuration identification of a selected FCRS configuration from a set of FCRS configurations.

Abstract: Methods, apparatuses, systems, etc., directed to performing positioning of a wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) while it is in idle mode and/or inactive mode (collectively “idle/inactive mode”) in NR are disclosed herein. Performing positioning, including positioning measurement and/or reporting, in idle/inactive mode may allow for increased positioning accuracy and/or decreased latency of location determination. In various embodiments, a WTRU in idle/inactive mode may transmit a positioning measurement report in various ways, including (i) in a Random-Access Channel (RACH) preamble; (ii) appended to a RACH preamble; and/or (iii) in a Physical Uplink Shared Channel. In various embodiments, a WTRU in idle/inactive mode may transmit uplink-based positioning related reference signals. In various embodiments, a WTRU in an idle/inactive mode may transmit, over a dedicated physical channel, (e.g., downlink) positioning measurement reports and/or reference signals (RSs) for uplink positioning measurements.

Abstract: A wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) may include one or more antennas and a first transceiver operatively coupled to the antennas. The one or more antennas and the first transceiver may be configured to receive a first signal from a network using zero energy from the WTRU. The one or more antennas and the first transceiver may be further configured to extract energy from the first signal. The first transceiver may be further configured to examine a separation between energy threshold events to decode an energy signature of the first signal. The first transceiver may be further configured to activate a second transceiver operatively coupled to the one or more antennas if the decoded energy signature matches a stored energy signature, wherein the second transceiver is powered by the WTRU. The one or more antennas and the second transceiver may be configured to receive a second signal from the network.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and devices for in-channel narrow-band (NB) companion air interface (CAI) assisted wideband (WB) random access channel (RACH) access. Periodic NB downlink (DL) synchronization sequences are detected. Range information is estimated by measuring the periodic NB DL synchronization sequences; and determining an NB CAI RACH occasion. The range information is transmitted to a gNode B (gNB), or other base station, in a NB CAI RACH procedure. At least one selected WB sequence based on the range information and at least one scheduled WB RACH occasion based on the NB CAI RACH occasion are received from the gNB. A contention free WB RACH procedure is performed based on the received at least one selected WB sequence and the at least one scheduled WB RACH occasion.

Abstract: Methods, apparatuses, systems, etc., directed to performing positioning of a wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) while it is in idle mode and/or inactive mode (collectively “idle/inactive mode”) in NR are disclosed herein. Performing positioning, including positioning measurement and/or reporting, in idle/inactive mode may allow for increased positioning accuracy and/or decreased latency of location determination. In various embodiments, a WTRU in idle/inactive mode may transmit a positioning measurement report in various ways, including (i) in a Random-Access Channel (RACH) preamble; (ii) appended to a RACH preamble; and/or (iii) in a Physical Uplink Shared Channel. In various embodiments, a WTRU in idle/inactive mode may transmit uplink-based positioning related reference signals. In various embodiments, a WTRU in an idle/inactive mode may transmit, over a dedicated physical channel, (e.g., downlink) positioning measurement reports and/or reference signals (RSs) for uplink positioning measurements.

Abstract: Systems, methods, and instrumentalities are disclosed herein associated with enabling target localization with bi/multi-static measurements in new radio (NR). Bi-static or multi-static configurations with potential targets may be formed with nodes (e.g., WTRUs, gNBs, etc.) of mobile wireless communication systems, for example, to enable target localization applications. Target localization may be enhanced based on using determined configurations to reduce target localization estimation errors.