Abstract: A first communication apparatus receives training data, and determines a first intermediate gradient based on the training data. The first intermediate gradient is used to update a parameter of a first neural network located in a second communication apparatus. The first communication apparatus maps the first intermediate gradient to an air interface resource to generate a first gradient signal, and sends the first gradient signal to the second communication apparatus. The first gradient signal includes one or more first gradient symbols, and each of the first gradient symbols is corresponding to one or more gradient values.

Abstract: A tracking area (TA) update method, a broadcast message transmission method, and a communications apparatus, where the tracking area update method includes: receiving a broadcast message periodically sent by a satellite device, where the broadcast message alternately carries tracking area codes (TACs) corresponding to one or more TAs of at least two TAs, and where coverage of a beam of the satellite device belongs to the at least two TAs; when detecting for the first time that a TA corresponding to a TAC in a broadcast message received in a current period does not belong to a first TA list, recording the TA in a second TA list; continuing detecting a subsequent broadcast message; and determining, based on a TAC in the subsequent broadcast message, whether to initiate a TA update procedure.

Abstract: A method includes determining, based on a length of to-be-encoded information bits and a code rate, a code length N after encoding; determining, based on N, a minimum segment code length and a maximum segment code length, a reserved segment quantity of each type of segments in segments of b?a+1 types of segment code lengths and a reserved code length corresponding to N, where the minimum segment code length is 2{circumflex over (?)}a, and the maximum segment code length is 2{circumflex over (?)}b; determining a segment quantity of each type of segments based on N, the reserved code length, a segment code length of each type of segments, and the reserved segment quantity, where N corresponds to S segments, and a segment code length of an ith segment in the S segments is greater than or equal to a segment code length of an (i+1)th segment in the S segments.

Abstract: A wireless communication includes determining, by a satellite, at least one first signal, sending the at least one first signal to a terminal based on at least one first beam, and receiving a random access request from the terminal. Each first signal of the at least one first signal corresponds to one first beam of the at least one first beam. Each first signal of the at least one first signal includes information about a first geographical location of a center point of the one first beam of the at least one first beam corresponding to each first signal of the at least one first signal. The information about the first geographical location is useable to determine a second beam from the at least one first beam. The random access request includes an identifier of the second beam.

Abstract: Embodiments of this application provide a parameter transmission method and an apparatus, and relate to the field of wireless communication technologies. In the method, the terminal device may receive first information. The first information may include a time parameter. The time parameter may be used to determine a timing offset. The timing offset includes a second timing offset, and the second timing offset indicates a delay of activation of configuration information. The terminal device determines a delay start duration of a random access response (RAR) window based on the second timing offset.

Abstract: This application provides a beam switching method and apparatus. The beam switching method includes: A satellite device receives first location information of a terminal device. The satellite device sends first indication information, where the first indication information indicates one or more of K switching time periods. The K switching time periods are determined by the satellite device based on first information. The first information includes the first location information of the terminal device, location information of the satellite device, a velocity vector of the satellite device, and beam information of the satellite device. The K switching time periods are time periods in which the terminal device performs K times of beam switching.

Abstract: A signal processing method and an apparatus thereof. A first signal is received, wherein the first signal includes x symbols. N types of quantization levels are determined based on a signal distribution parameter of the first signal. A second signal is determined based on the first signal. Quantization processing is performed on the second signal to obtain x groups of first quantization results, wherein the x symbols are in one-to-one correspondence with the x groups of first quantization results. The x groups of first quantization results are mapped to a quantized first signal, wherein the quantized first signal includes x quantization levels, and each group of first quantization results is mapped to one of the N types of quantization levels. Signal processing is performed on the quantized first signal.

Abstract: A transmit-end device obtains a first bit sequence including K information bits (401); then maps the K information bits to m sub-blocks, and performs first polar code encoding on the m sub-blocks to obtain a second bit sequence (402); and modulates the second bit sequence to obtain and send a symbol sequence (403). Correspondingly, a receive-end device obtains the symbol sequence (404), and decodes and demodulates the symbol sequence to obtain the K information bits (405). The m sub-blocks include a first sub-block, a quantity of information bits included in the first sub-block is obtained based on K and a code rate R of the first bit sequence, m may be understood as a modulation order of the first bit sequence, and a length of the second bit sequence is N.

Abstract: A data processing method and apparatus may be applied to a node such as a first node in a communication system. The first node has an adjacent relationship with a second node, and the first node and the second node are configured to execute a same type of task. The method includes: obtaining first data, and determining a processing result of the first data through a first neural network, where the first neural network is determined based on a combination of first neural network parameter sets, and a quantity of first neural network parameter sets in the combination is positively correlated to a quantity of second nodes.

Abstract: A ground fault directionality detection method, a ground fault directionality detection device and a computer-readable storage medium for a small current grounding system are disclosed. The ground fault directionality detection method comprises sampling at least a part of a current signal to obtain a numerical matrix; providing the numerical matrix as an input to a ground fault directionality detection neural network; calculating a label vector corresponding to the numerical matrix by the ground fault directionality detection neural network, wherein the label vector indicates whether the current signal is an upstream fault current signal or a downstream fault current signal; receiving a ground fault confirmation signal by the ground fault directionality detection neural network; and outputting the label vector by the ground fault directionality detection neural network when the ground fault confirmation signal indicates that the current signal is a ground fault current signal.

Abstract: Embodiments of this application disclose a polar coding method, apparatus, and device, so as to reduce storage overheads of a system. A sequence for polar coding is obtained based on a length M of a target polar code, wherein the sequence comprises L sequence numbers, ordering of the L sequence numbers in the sequence is the same as ordering of the L sequence numbers in a maximum mother code sequence, wherein the maximum mother code sequence is obtained by sorting N sequence numbers of N polarized channels in ascending order or descending order of reliability metrics, wherein L and N are integer power of 2, M is smaller than or equal to L, L is smaller than or equal to N.

Abstract: Embodiments of this application relate to the field of communications technologies, and provide an encoding and decoding method and apparatus, to reduce encoding/decoding complexity and improve encoding/decoding performance. In the method, a transmit device may obtain N to-be-encoded vectors. The transmit device may encode the N to-be-encoded vectors based on a polar code kernel matrix, to obtain N temporary code blocks. The transmit device may respectively perform a mask operation on target bit sequences in an (n+1)th temporary code block to an (n+M)th temporary code block and a source bit sequence segment of an nth temporary code block, to obtain M mask bit sequences. The transmit device may respectively encode the M mask bit sequences based on the polar kernel matrix, to obtain M encoded mask bit sequences. The transmit device may sum the M encoded mask bit sequences and M temporary code blocks, to obtain M first code blocks.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a lead-acid battery electrode plate for preventing lead-acid battery from lead (II) sulfate crystal growth piercing and enhancing the battery formation efficiency. The lead-acid battery electrode plate comprises an electricity collector layer as an electric current channel, and two air permeable layers respectively placed on both sides of the electricity collector layer, wherein non-metallic sheet materials having porous structures are used as air-permeable channel of the air-permeable layers, and the first air-permeable layer is the same as or different from the second air-permeable layer.

Abstract: A coding method and apparatus are provided. The method includes: coding an information bit by using a preset generator matrix of a systematic (U|U+V)-code to obtain a codeword of a systematic code. The preset generator matrix of the systematic (U|U+V)-code includes a first identity sub-matrix of a U code and a second identity sub-matrix of a V code. A plurality of elements in a same column as the first identity sub-matrix are all 0. A plurality of elements in a same column as the second identity sub-matrix are all 0.

Abstract: Embodiments of this application disclose a communication method and a communication apparatus, to reduce a PAPR of a signal sent by a sending device by using an FDSS waveform processing manner, and reduce decoding power consumption of a receiving device by using a polar code encoding manner. This improves communication energy efficiency. In this method, the sending device performs frequency domain spectrum shaping FDSS processing on a first signal, to obtain a second signal, where the first signal is a signal obtained by performing polar code encoding based on a modulation and coding scheme; and then, the sending device sends a target signal to the receiving device, where the target signal is a signal obtained based on the second signal.

Abstract: This application provides a polar encoding and modulation method and apparatus, and a demodulation and decoding method and apparatus. In the polar encoding and modulation method, a probability shaping technology is combined with a polar code, to group to-be-encoded bit sequences, and probability shaping is performed on a group of bit sequences. Modulation and mapping are directly performed on all bit sequences obtained through probability shaping, and polar transformation is performed on some bit sequences obtained through probability shaping together with other groups of bit sequences for modulation and mapping. In the demodulation and decoding method, a modulation symbol sequence is demodulated and decoded, a part of obtained bit sequence is directly mapped to obtain a second bit sequence, and the other part is continuously decoded to obtain a first bit sequence.

Abstract: An optical fiber laser coupler, comprising a laser input optical cable, a laser shaping and coupling device, and a multi-beam-mode energy transmission fiber (205). The multi-beam-mode energy transmission fiber (205) comprises a circular fiber core (105) and annular fiber cores (106, 107), and each annular fiber core (106, 107) is coaxial with the circular fiber core (105). A fluorine-doped layer (109) is disposed between the circular fiber core (105) and the annular fiber core (106, 107), and the fluorine-doped layer (109) is also disposed between adjacent annular fiber cores (106, 107). An adjustable collimating lens group (203) and an adjustable focusing lens group (204) of the laser shaping and coupling device can horizontally move along a direction of a laser beam in a housing of the laser shaping and coupling device.

Abstract: In a communication method, to meet a requirement of a positioning service, a first communication apparatus obtains data to be processed, and determines a first frame structure that includes a communication time period and a positioning time period. A first switching time period is included between the communication time period and the positioning time period, a 1st time-domain symbol occupied by the first switching time period is consecutive to a last time-domain symbol occupied by the communication time period, and a last time-domain symbol occupied by the first switching time is consecutive to a 1st time-domain symbol occupied by the positioning time period. The first communication apparatus then processes the data based on the first frame structure.

Abstract: An inrush current detection method, an inrush current detection device and a computer-readable storage medium for a transformer are disclosed. The inrush current detection method includes sampling at least a part of a current signal of the transformer to obtain a numerical matrix; providing the numerical matrix as an input to an inrush current detection neural network; and calculating and outputting a label vector corresponding to the numerical matrix by the inrush current detection neural network, wherein the label vector indicates whether the current signal is an inrush current.

Abstract: Embodiments of this application provide a method for coding in a wireless communication network. A communication device interleave a first bit sequence to obtain a first interleaved sequence having sequence number starting with a sequence number of 0, wherein the first bit sequence comprises bits for indicating timing, wherein the bits for indicating timing comprises a set of bits for indicating synchronization signal block index (SSBI); wherein the set of bits for indicating SSBI are placed in positions indicated by sequence numbers of 2, 3 and 5 in the first interleaved sequence. The devices add d first CRC bits on the first interleaved sequence to obtain a second bit sequence, interleave on the second bit sequence according to an interleave pattern to obtain a second interleaved sequence, and polar encode the second interleaved sequence to obtain the encoded sequence.