Abstract: The invention relates to a fiber optical measuring device for measuring physical quantities such as temperature and pressure, comprising a measuring transducer comprising a sensor material, an electronic unit comprising an evaluating electronic system, light sources and photo-detectors, and one or more optical fibers which connect said transducer to said electronic unit.

Abstract: The invention relates to an automatic device for protecting the focal plane shutter of a camera when the camera is open. The film magazine of the camera, alternatively the camera back, is sensed by a member disposed in the camera body and directly or preferably indirectly controlling the shutter electronically. When the camera is opened, the sensing member emits a control pulse, which releases the opening part of the shutter. The opening and closing parts of the shutter then are located on both sides of the film gate of the camera where they are protected against damage. When the camera again is closed, the opening part of the shutter again must be cocked. Alternatively, also the closing part of the shutter can be released by a control pulse released when the camera is being closed. The protective device is lockable. (FIG. 2).

Abstract: In an optical measuring device for measuring physical magnitudes a sensor is actuated by the physical magnitude to be measured. An optical signal generator and processor provides light signals to the sensor and processes optical output signals transmitted from the sensor. Optical fibers conduct light to the sensor and transmit light signals therefrom to optical detectors. The sensor modulates at least a portion of the light transmitted thereto such that the modulated light output therefrom transmitted to the optic processor contains measuring components representative of the magnitude to be measured and stabilizing component signals independent of the magnitude. The optical processor separates the measuring components and the stabilizing components and generates at least one measuring signal and compensating signals for stabilizing the measuring device.

Abstract: A visibility measuring system which comprises a radiation emitter which is capable of emitting radiation such as laser pulses in the medium in which the visibility range is to be measured, the radiation emitter being rotatable to emit the pulses in varying directions, a number of reflectors which are spaced at differing predetermined distances from the radiation emitter and laterally with respect to one another, and a radiation receiver for receiving and detecting radiation pulses reflected from each reflector; the measuring system including a device responsive to the amplitude of reflected pulses to control the direction of pulse emission from the radiation emitter to reflect from the not more than two reflectors needed to identify the current visibility range.

Abstract: A cloud altitude measuring means for detecting the existence of and the distance to a cloud comprising a light emitting means, a light receiving means, a plurality of integrators activated at separate time intervals to receive the output signal from the light receiving means, a signal summation device to receive and determine the difference between the signals in the said integrators, and a signal processing circuit to receive the output signal from the signal summation device, which circuit comprises a memory circuit to store a first series of measurement value pulses from said summation device and a comparison device for comparing the first series of measurement value pulses stored in the memory with a second time delayed series of measurement value pulses to detect a cloud echo when the comparative difference between the measurement value pulses exceeds a specified value.

Abstract: A system for determining the oxygen activity in molten metals includes a measuring probe insertable in the melt and provided with an electrochemical cell, a thermoelement, and three contact devices. The probe is mounted at the end of a measuring lance. A preamplifier mounted on the lance is connected to the contact devices and furnishes the signals received to a preamplifier which supplies signals to a calculating unit which converts the EMF of the electrochemical cell and the EMF of the thermoelement to magnitudes representing the oxygen acitivity and the temperature, which are either recorded or observed on indicators.The measuring probe is mounted in a paper sleeve which is removable attached to the end of the lance. The electrochemical cell includes a body of solid electrolyte passing through the outer end wall of the cell and connected to one of the contact devices.

Abstract: In the saddle structure of the improved drill bit cutter assembly of the invention both spaced-apart legs are provided with bores each extending through the leg to receive a clamping bolt. These bores extend in directions including between them an angle of up to 90.degree.. The shaft-receiving recess, between the legs, has a polygonal shape complementing that of the end portion of the shaft.

Abstract: This invention relates to a method of charging drill holes for blasting, according to which method solid and liquid components of an explosive substantially each of them separately but simultaneously are blown or pumped, respectively, through its individual hose channel into the drill hole within which the components are intermixed as a result of the simultaneous pumping and blowing operations. The invention relates also to various recipes for preparation of explosives possessing properties especially fitted for the method in consideration. The invention also comprises an apparatus suited for carrying out the method.

Abstract: Method of blasting rock to attain a predetermined fracture result. The necessary energy for the blasting is provided at an amount and in an application which is decided by calculating the stresses with regard to previously plotted blasting effects and to a previously prepared description of the rock structure.