Abstract: Disclosed are devices and methods for optimizing a protective helmet or other item of protective clothing with one or more enhanced principal impact zones and/or impact elements that incorporate protective features that can be particularized to a specific player-position and/or the individual behavior of a specific player or wearer.

Abstract: The invention relates to a system and/or an apparatus for an improved helmet system that may help reduce the severity of injuries by enhancing overall helmet protection through uniquely designed facemasks and facemask bumpers. The facemask and facemask bumpers that are particularly adapted to redistribute pressure and impact forces, decrease vibration, sudden shock, noise and/or the peak forces transmitted from the facemask to the rest of the helmet system. The facemask bumpers may be disposed into specific regions of the facemask, including the brow region, the glabella region, orbit region, the frontal region, the mandible (front, right and/or left side) region, the maxilla region, the nasal region, zygomatic region, the ethmoid region, the lacrimal region, the sphenoid region and/or any combination thereof.

Abstract: The method is based on a signal interval (DB) which comprises a first part (ET) (which is modulated using a first modulation method (GFSK)) of the signal interval and a second part (which is modulated using a second modulation method (DMPSK)) of the signal interval. The channel parameters (c(i)) relating to the second part (which is modulated using the second modulation method) of the signal interval are determined using a received data signal (a(i); p(i)) from the first part (ET) of the signal interval (DB).

Abstract: A hybrid satellite positioning receiver architecture is provided with a first receive path and a second receive path. The first receive path downconverts received satellite positioning signals of a first type to an intermediate frequency range, and the second receive path downconverts received satellite positioning signals of a second type to the same intermediate frequency range.

Abstract: A detector for zero crossings and a counter which is connected to it are used to determine the time intervals between the zero crossings of the received signal or of an intermediate-frequency signal which is produced from the received signal, and for detection of the digital signal data. In this case, a sequence of determined zero crossing intervals can be stored in digital form in a shift register chain, and can be compared in a classification device with previously stored interval sequences. Furthermore, a frequency offset can be determined by averaging the zero crossing intervals and can be compensated for by suitable selection or modification of the previously stored interval sequences, in which case the latter can also be used during the synchronization phase. The synchronization process may, furthermore, be assisted by payload data identification.

Abstract: A hybrid satellite positioning receiver architecture is provided with a first receive path and a second receive path. The first receive path downconverts received satellite positioning signals of a first type to an intermediate frequency range, and the second receive path downconverts received satellite positioning signals of a second type to the same intermediate frequency range.

Abstract: A method for calculating zero-crossing reference sequences ({ti}) for the data detection of a sequence of zero crossings ({{circumflex over (t)}i}) of a received signal is disclosed. The data detection is determined in a receiver, wherein the received signal is based on a data symbol sequence ({dk}) angle-modulated at a transmitter and transmitted to the receiver. The zero-crossing reference sequences ({ti}) are calculated in accordance with an equation specifying an output of a finite state machine that describes, at least approximately, the signal generation in the transmitter.

Abstract: In a method for estimating a frequency deviation between a received spread-spectrum code signal and a local frequency signal, the received spread-spectrum code signal is despread using a local spread-spectrum code. The despread signal is integrated over a particular integration period. From at least two successively obtained integration values, a phase change value characteristic of the phase change between the two integration values is calculated. From this, the frequency deviation is determined.

Abstract: A data transmission system transmits first data bursts from a base station to mobile stations. The first data bursts at least in some cases contain two or more data blocks that are intended for different mobile stations. The data transmission system furthermore transmits second data bursts from at least one of the mobile stations to the base station and produces guard time intervals between successive data bursts.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a receiver for a wire-free communication system for reception of a received signal which is modulated using a digital modulation method having a first frequency conversion device for production of a frequency-converted received signal by conversion of the received signal to an intermediate frequency. The receiver further includes a pre-filter for production of a filtered received signal from the frequency-converted received signal such that the received signal is band-limited, and an analogue/digital converter for production of a binary received signal from the filtered received signal by comparison of the filtered received signal with a level threshold.

Abstract: A method for calculating zero-crossing reference sequences ({ti}) for the data detection of a sequence of zero crossings ({{circumflex over (t)}i}) of a received signal is disclosed. The data detection is determined in a receiver, wherein the received signal is based on a data symbol sequence ({dk}) angle-modulated at a transmitter and transmitted to the receiver. The zero-crossing reference sequences ({ti}) are calculated in accordance with an equation specifying an output of a finite state machine that describes, at least approximately, the signal generation in the transmitter.

Abstract: In a method for estimating a frequency offset (fe, ?e) of a modulated bandpass signal (s) with an assumed carrier frequency (?0) in a mobile radio receiver, times (?j) of the zero cross-overs of the bandpass signal are determined in a first step. Using the times (?j) of the zero cross-overs and the assumed carrier frequency (?0), the required frequency offset (fe, ?e) is estimated in a further step by calculating the DC component of an instantaneous frequency which is given by the frequency of the bandpass signal less the assumed carrier frequency.

Abstract: A detector for zero crossings and a counter which is connected to it are used to determine the time intervals between the zero crossings of the received signal or of an intermediate-frequency signal which is produced from the received signal, and for detection of the digital signal data. In this case, a sequence of determined zero crossing intervals can be stored in digital form in a shift register chain, and can be compared in a classification device with previously stored interval sequences. Furthermore, a frequency offset can be determined by averaging the zero crossing intervals and can be compensated for by suitable selection or modification of the previously stored interval sequences, in which case the latter can also be used during the synchronization phase. The synchronization process may, furthermore, be assisted by payload data identification.

Abstract: A detector (1) for zero crossings and a counter (2) which is connected to it are used to determine the time intervals between the zero crossings of the received signal or of an intermediate-frequency signal which is produced from the received signal, and for detection of the digital signal data. In this case, a sequence of determined zero crossing intervals can be stored in digital form in a shift register chain (3), and can be compared in a classification device (4) with previously stored interval sequences. Furthermore, a frequency offset can be determined by averaging the zero crossing intervals and can be compensated for by suitable selection or modification of the previously stored interval sequences, in which case the latter can also be used during the synchronization phase. The synchronization process may, furthermore, be assisted by payload data identification.

Abstract: Apparatus for demodulation of a signal which is frequency-modulated with a data symbol sequence {dk}, having a zero crossing detector (1), a generator (2) for production of a sequence {zi}, with zi being calculated from zero crossings ti and ti+1, and having a unit (3) for reconstruction of the data symbol sequence {dk}, which is characterized by a minimum Euclidean distance between the sequence {zi} and an auxiliary sequence, with each sequence element in the auxiliary sequence being formed from convolution of the data symbol sequence {dk} with a sequence {hi,k} relating to the index k, and with the sequences {hi,k} being functions of the times ti and ti+1.

Abstract: A method for calculating zero-crossing reference sequences ({ti}) for the data detection of a sequence of zero crossings ({{circumflex over (t)}i}) of a received signal is disclosed. The data detection is determined in a receiver, wherein the received signal is based on a data symbol sequence ({dk}) angle-modulated at a transmitter and transmitted to the receiver. The zero-crossing reference sequences ({ti}) are calculated in accordance with an equation specifying an output of a finite state machine that describes, at least approximately, the signal generation in the transmitter.

Abstract: When data bursts are transmitted between a base station and a mobile receiver, a changeover is made between a plurality of modulation methods during an existing radio link for modulation of the data. For resynchronization of the receiver in the event of the changeover, synchronization information items are determined from a first part (ET) of the data burst modulated by a first modulation method, and are used for synchronization with a second part (ZT) of the data burst modulated by the second modulation method.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method of forming a carbon layer on a substrate. A substrate with a structured surface is provided, the structured surface comprising a sidewall. A plasma is formed from an atmosphere comprising a gaseous hydrocarbon compound. The substrate is processed with the plasma, thereby depositing a carbon layer on the structured surface of the substrate. According to one aspect of the invention, the gaseous hydrocarbon compound comprises a ratio of less than 2:1 between hydrogen and carbon. According to another aspect of the invention, the atmosphere comprises a gaseous additive compound, the gaseous additive compound having an affinity for binding to hydrogen. Accordingly, the plasma comprises a reduced reactive hydrogen content, thus enabling an improved carbon deposition at the sidewall of the structured surface.

Abstract: A data transmission system has a base station and at least one mobile station. Data packets are interchanged between the base station and the mobile station using a time slot method. In this case, first measures are used for transmission of a first part of a data packet at a predetermined first symbol rate and at a first transmission frequency, and second measures are used for transmission of a second part of the data packet at a second symbol rate and at a second transmission frequency.

Abstract: In order to improve the reliability and the accuracy of a position-finding method such as the GPS method, the quality of a radio link which is used for the position-finding method is determined by estimating a parameter, in particular the Rice factor of the amplitude distribution density, which is characteristic of the ratio of the strength of a signal transmitted via a line-of-sight path, with respect to the strength of the signals transmitted via non-line-of-sight paths.