Abstract: The present invention relates to a method of forming a carbon layer on a substrate. A substrate with a structured surface is provided, the structured surface comprising a sidewall. A plasma is formed from an atmosphere comprising a gaseous hydrocarbon compound. The substrate is processed with the plasma, thereby depositing a carbon layer on the structured surface of the substrate. According to one aspect of the invention, the gaseous hydrocarbon compound comprises a ratio of less than 2:1 between hydrogen and carbon. According to another aspect of the invention, the atmosphere comprises a gaseous additive compound, the gaseous additive compound having an affinity for binding to hydrogen. Accordingly, the plasma comprises a reduced reactive hydrogen content, thus enabling an improved carbon deposition at the sidewall of the structured surface.

Abstract: A data transmission system has a base station and at least one mobile station. Data packets are interchanged between the base station and the mobile station using a time slot method. In this case, first measures are used for transmission of a first part of a data packet at a predetermined first symbol rate and at a first transmission frequency, and second measures are used for transmission of a second part of the data packet at a second symbol rate and at a second transmission frequency.

Abstract: In order to improve the reliability and the accuracy of a position-finding method such as the GPS method, the quality of a radio link which is used for the position-finding method is determined by estimating a parameter, in particular the Rice factor of the amplitude distribution density, which is characteristic of the ratio of the strength of a signal transmitted via a line-of-sight path, with respect to the strength of the signals transmitted via non-line-of-sight paths.

Abstract: A receiver (1) of a position-finding system comprises a calculation unit (6, 7, 8) for calculation of a statistical value (?) on the basis of a received signal, and a detector unit (9) for comparison of the statistical value (?) with a threshold value (?) and for determining whether the received signal is a synchronized location signal, an estimation unit (10) for estimation of the Rice factor (K) of the radio link via which the received signal has been transmitted, and a determination unit for calculation of the threshold value (?) on the basis of the Rice factor (K).

Abstract: In a method for estimating a frequency offset (fe, ?e) of a modulated bandpass signal (s) with an assumed carrier frequency (?0) in a mobile radio receiver, times (?j) of the zero cross-overs of the bandpass signal are determined in a first step. Using the times (?j) of the zero cross-overs and the assumed carrier frequency (?0), the required frequency offset (fe, ?e) is estimated in a further step by calculating the DC component of an instantaneous frequency which is given by the frequency of the bandpass signal less the assumed carrier frequency.

Abstract: In a method for estimating a frequency deviation between a received spread-spectrum code signal and a local frequency signal, the received spread-spectrum code signal is despread using a local spread-spectrum code. The despread signal is integrated over a particular integration period. From at least two successively obtained integration values, a phase change value characteristic of the phase change between the two integration values is calculated. From this, the frequency deviation is determined.

Abstract: In a method for avoiding transients during switching processes in integrated circuits, a module of the integrated circuit is switched from a first operating state to a second operating state, a load change occurring thereby. In this case, it is ensured that the occurring quotient of load change and time duration for the transition from the first operating state to the second operating state does not exceed a predetermined limit value, thereby reducing or avoiding transients associated with such switching.

Abstract: The method is based on a signal interval (DB) which comprises a first part (ET) (which is modulated using a first modulation method (GFSK)) of the signal interval and a second part (which is modulated using a second modulation method (DMPSK)) of the signal interval. The channel parameters (c(i)) relating to the second part (which is modulated using the second modulation method) of the signal interval are determined using a received data signal (a(i); p(i)) from the first part (ET) of the signal interval (DB).

Abstract: A method for calculating zero-crossing reference sequences ({ti}) for the data detection of a sequence of zero crossings ({{circumflex over (t)}i}) of a received signal is disclosed. The data detection is determined in a receiver, wherein the received signal is based on a data symbol sequence ({dk}) angle-modulated at a transmitter and transmitted to the receiver. The zero-crossing reference sequences ({ti}) are calculated in accordance with an equation specifying an output of a finite state machine that describes, at least approximately, the signal generation in the transmitter.

Abstract: Channel selection of a received signal is first of all carried out, in the process, by way of an analog channel selection filter. The signal is then converted to a digital discrete-time and discrete-value signal. Finally, the continuous-time and continuous-value signal profile is determined on the basis of a mathematical reconstruction using the zero crossings {ti} and the phase values {?(ti)=ki·?/2, ki?N0}, with a mathematical reconstruction algorithm using a function system {?(t?k)}.

Abstract: The invention relates to a receiver in a position-finding system, having a calculation unit for calculating a statistical value from a received signal, and a detector unit for comparing the statistical value with a threshold value and for determining whether the signal is a synchronized position-finding signal. The system also includes an estimation unit for estimating the quotient of the signal-carrier power and the noise-power spectral density of the signal, and a determination unit for threshold-value determination from the estimated quotient.

Abstract: A method for estimating the frequency shift of a CPFSK signal includes scanning the CPFSK signal. Intermediate signal values are determined for the scanned CPFSK signal. An estimated value (?) is determined for the frequency shift of the CPFSK signal by assessing a predefined number of L0 consecutive intermediate signal values. An integer delay parameter D is specified. Intermediate signal values for intervals k·T+? are determined in each case from scanning values of the CPFSK signal obtained for intervals k·D·T+? and [k?1]·D·T+?, whereby T designates a scanning period of the scanned CPFSK signal, k is a scanning index and ? is a delay constant. The estimated value (?) for the frequency shift is determined from the intermediate signal values for intervals i·D·T+? with i=0 . . . L0?1. The integer delay parameter D is variable and is selected depending on the type of CPFSK modulation used for the CPFSK signal.

Abstract: A receiver circuit for a mobile radio receiver has a controllable amplifier with a variable gain level, an analog-digital converter stage, a digital filter configuration for the purpose of channel selection and a signal strength estimator. The signal strength estimator is connected downstream of the filter configuration in the signal path and has the purpose of determining the signal strength in the selected user signal. The amplifier is controlled in dependence on the user-channel signal strength determined by the signal strength estimator.

Abstract: A data transmission system contains at least two stations between which data bursts are exchanged via radio. A frequency hop is provided between the first channel mid-frequency which is used for the transmission and the second channel mid-frequency which is used for the feedback transmission, the height of the frequency hop corresponding to the intermediate frequency. Therefore, the local oscillators must not be tuned to new frequencies between the transmission and the feedback transmission.

Abstract: A receiver circuit of a cordless communication system has an analog signal processing section with a channel selection filter and a digital signal processing section which is connected downstream of the latter and has a group delay equalizer. The group delay equalizer is used to equalize the digital distortion caused by the channel selection filter.

Abstract: In a method for estimating a sequence of input data symbols of a CPFSK-modulated data signal transmitted via a faulty channel, in the course of an ACS operation for calculating a transition metric value, an estimated value is determined for the replacement symbol occurring during the linear approximation of the CPFSK. That estimated value is considered in calculating the transition metric value.

Abstract: The invention relates to a receiver in a position-finding system, having a calculation unit for calculating a statistical value from a received signal, and a detector unit for comparing the statistical value with a threshold value and for determining whether the signal is a synchronized position-finding signal. The system also includes an estimation unit for estimating the quotient of the signal-carrier power and the noise-power spectral density of the signal, and a determination unit for threshold-value determination from the estimated quotient.

Abstract: A receiver (1) of a position-finding system comprises a calculation unit (6, 7, 8) for calculation of a statistical value (A) on the basis of a received signal, and a detector unit (9) for comparison of the statistical value (A) with a threshold value (K) and for determining whether the received signal is a synchronized location signal, an estimation unit (10) for estimation of the Rice factor (K) of the radio link via which the received signal has been transmitted, and a determination unit for calculation of the threshold value (?) on the basis of the Rice factor (K).

Abstract: In order to improve the reliability and the accuracy of a position-finding method such as the GPS method, the quality of a radio link which is used for the position-finding method is determined by estimating a parameter, in particular the Rice factor of the amplitude distribution density, which is characteristic of the ratio of the strength of a signal transmitted via a line-of-sight path, with respect to the strength of the signals transmitted via non-line-of-sight paths.

Abstract: A detector for zero crossings determines the zero crossings in the received signal or in an intermediate frequency signal which is generated from the received signal. Since, in the case of frequency-modulated signals, the number of zero crossings per symbol interval is naturally not constant, the zero crossing sequence is mapped to a sequence {zi} of parameter values zi which are at equidistant time intervals by means of mathematical, non-linear mapping. Mean value formation of zero crossing intervals or determination of the number of zero crossings can be used for mapping. The sequence of parameter values zi at equidistant time intervals can be supplied to a conventional detection algorithm such as a Viterbi detection algorithm.